P. 180-183
The process of wearing down and carrying away (moving) rocks
What is erosion?
The process that breaks down rock and other substances
What is weathering?
The _______ of even small plants can pry apart the cracked rocks.
What are “roots”?
Water and other substances it carries (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) weather rock by ___________?
What is “dissolving it”?
The result of chemical weathering when carbon dioxide dissolves in water
What is “carbonic acid”?
Rocks that are made up of minerals that do not dissolve easily will weather ________.
What is “slowly”?
The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces
What is mechanical weathering?
Principle that states that the geological processes that operate today operated in the past
What is uniformitarism?
As erosion removes material from the surface of a mass of rock, pressure on the rock is _________ causing the outside of the rock to crack and flake off like the layers of an onion.
What is ”reduced”?
Chemical weathering creates _____ in rock, so that the rock breaks apart more easily.
What is “holes” or “soft spots”?
Carbonic acid easily weathers this type of rock
What is “marble” or “limestone”?
Describes a material full of tiny connected air spaces that allow water to seep through it
What is “permeable”?
The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
What is chemical weathering?
The most important agent of mechanical weathering in COOL climates
What is freezing and thawing of water?
This type of weathering can produce new minerals as it breaks down rock
What is chemical weathering?
When weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces, the surface area ___________.
What is “increases”?
Plant-like organisms that grow on rocks and produce weak acids that cause chemical weathering
What are “lichens”?
Marble tombstones weather more rapidly than slate tombstones of the same age and in the same cemetery because marble is more _________.
What is “permeable”?
Plant growth, animal actions, release of pressure, freezing and thawing, and abrasion are 5 forces of this type of weathering
What is mechanical weathering?
When water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes there, it ______ as it freezes
What is expands?
When chemical weathering occurs on granite, it’s feldspar minerals eventually change to _______.
What is clay?
The process in which iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water
What is “oxidation”?
Burning coal, oil and gas for energy pollutes the air with sulfur, carbon and nitrogen compounds that react with water vapor in clouds and cause ______.
What is acid rain?
Both chemical and mechanical weathering occurs faster in ________ climates.
What is “wet”?
The wearing away of rock by sand and other rock particles carried by water, ice, wind or gravity
What is abrasion?
The process of water seeping in the cracks of rock, freezing, expanding and forcing the rock apart and causing wider and deeper cracks
What is frost wedging?
The 5 agents of chemical weathering
What are oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, living organisms and acid rain?
The product of iron oxidation is _________.
What is ”rust”?
The 2 most important factors that determine the rate at which weathering occurs
What are the “type of rock” and the ”climate”?
Chemical reactions occur faster in climates with ______ temperatures.
What is “high”?