____, _____, and ______ work over millions of years to change the shape and volume of rock
Tension, compression, and shearing
100
__________ ______ carry energy from an earthquake away from the focus, through Earth's interior and across the surface
Seismic Waves
100
What tool is used to measure the vibrations from an earthquake's seismic waves?
Seismograph / seismogram
100
Geologists can determine earthquake risk by locating where _____ are active and where past _____ have occured
faults, earthquakes
100
Explain the causes of two different faults and their effects.
Example: Compression will produce a reverse fault. A reverse faults hanging wall moves UP relative to the footwall. Tension produces a normal fault in which the hanging wall slips DOWN relative to the footwall. (Section 6.1)
200
The three main types of faults are ____ , _____, and ____
Normal, reverse, strike-slip
200
What does the Mercalli Scale measure?
The damage at a particular location
200
What type of instrument measures vertical movement of land during an earthquake?
Tiltmeter
200
Causes of earthquake damage include shaking, _____, _______, and _______
liquefaction, aftershocks, and tsunamis
200
To estimate the total energy released by an earthquake, a geologist should use the _____
Moment magnitude scale
300
The San Andreas fault has plates that move horizontally in opposite directions of each other. What kind of fault is this?
Strike-Slip Fault
300
____ waves are seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down
S
300
_____ _________ measure changes in elevation and tilt of land as well as horizontal movement along a fault
GPS satellites
300
What is the best way to protect yourself during an earthquake?
drop, cover, and hold.
300
How can homes and other structures be protected from liquefaction?
New homes and structures built on soft ground should be anchorage to solid rock below the soil.
400
List three landforms that can be formed from forces of plate movements over millions of years
Example Answers: anticline, syncline, fault-block mountain, folded mountains, and plateaus
400
What type of waves produce the most damaging and severe ground movements?
Surface waves
400
True or False: Geologists have been able to accurately predict all earthquakes since 1984
False. Scientists are trying to use seismographic data to predict earthquakes but have not yet been able to accurately do so.
400
To reduce earthquake damage, new buildings must be made more flexible. One way of doing this is to construct _____-_____ _____
base-isolated buildings
400
Where do strike-slip faults form and the stress movement that leads to an earthquake along the fault.
Strike-slip faults form where plates slide past each other. The movement is caused by stress that builds up in Earth's crust from plate movements.
500
Tension, compression, and shearing are examples of forces that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. What do we call all these types of forces?
Stress
500
Geologists use seismic waves to locate and earthquake's _____
Epicenter
500
How rocks move along a fault depends on how much ______ there is between the sides of the fault.
friction
500
Describe the process of liquefaction during an earthquake
Liquefaction occurs when the an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns soft soil into liquid mud.
500
Write a paragraph (4-6 Sentences) about how earthquakes cause damage. Discuss how natural and human features contribute to an earthquake's destructive power.