Igneous Rock Formation
What process forms igneous rocks from molten rock cooling and solidifying?
What is cooling and crystallization of magma or lava?
Name three conditions that can create magma by melting rocks.
What are increased temperature, decreased pressure, and increased water content?
What type of volcano is large, gently sloping, and formed by fluid mafic lava?
What is a shield volcano?
What is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals?
What is a rock?
What is a very large intrusive igneous body exposed at the surface called?
What is a batholith?
Name the two environments where igneous rocks crystallize based on location.
What are intrusive and extrusive environments?
How does increasing silica content affect magma viscosity?
It increases viscosity, making magma more sluggish.
What volcano type is small, symmetrical, and formed from pyroclastic fragments?
What is a cinder cone volcano?
What are the two main types of chemical bonds in minerals?
What are ionic and covalent bonds?
What kind of intrusion cuts across existing rock layers?
What is a dike?
Which igneous rock texture forms when lava cools very quickly?
What is aphanitic or glassy texture?
Which magma type has the highest temperature and lowest viscosity?
What is mafic magma?
What term describes a volcano not currently erupting but expected to erupt again?
What is dormant volcano?
Which type of bond involves sharing electrons between two non-metals?
What is a covalent bond?
What intrusion flows parallel to rock layers between them?
What is a sill?
What series shows the order minerals crystallize from magma?
What is Bowen’s Reaction Series?
What happens to water vapor content as magma cools?
Water vapor escapes as steam, promoting crystallization.
What volcanic feature forms when magma hardens in the central conduit and is exposed after erosion?
What is a volcanic neck?
What is the most common mineral group, making up about 95% of Earth's crust?
What are silicates?
What is the term for the depression formed when a volcano’s magma chamber roof collapses?
What is a caldera?
What magma type has the highest silica content and is light-colored?
What is felsic magma?
Name the two types of mafic lava based on texture.
What are pahoehoe and aa?
What fast, hot gas and ash flows travel rapidly down volcano slopes during explosive eruptions?
What are pyroclastic flows?
What mineral exhibits double refraction and is a major component of limestone and marble?
What is calcite?
Name two famous volcanic necks in the United States.
What are Shiprock, NM and Devil’s Tower, WY?