Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Miscellaneous
100
Give 3 forms of evidence that were used to support the Continental Drift hypothesis
a. Fossils of the same species were found on separate continents. b. Matching rock formations and mountain ranges were discovered on different continents. c. The continents seem to fit together like matching puzzle pieces.
100
What layer of Earth lies directly beneath the crust?
The mantle
100
Where do the majority of earthquakes occur, in relation to tectonic plates?
On plate boundaries.
100
What is the difference between Magma and Lava?
Magma is inside the Earth. Lava is magma that has seeped onto the surface of the Earth.
100
What type of volcano is Vesuvius?
Strato-composite
200
As liquids and gases heat up, they gain energy and tend to rise. As they cool, they lose energy and tend to sink. This process is known as _____________
What is Convection
200
The upper mantle and crust make up what physically rigid layer of planet Earth?
The lithosphere
200
What are the 3 types of seismic waves? List them from fastest to slowest
P wave, S wave, Surface wave
200
Give 2 ways that Rhyolitic lava differs from Basaltic lava:
Rhyolitic lava is generally cooler, and contains more silica than basaltic lava.
200
What is the name of the type of eruption that strato-composite volcanoes like Vesuvius usually generate?
Plinian eruption?
300
What was the name of the main scientific hypothesis that was presented in opposition to the continental drift hypothesis, and what did it say.
What is the Land Bridge Hypothesis. It proposed that land bridges had once connected all the continents, allowing animals to travel from one to another. It also proposed that these land bridges were now hidden under the sea.
300
What are the names of the 3 major types of plate boundaries? AND how do they move in relation to one another?
Convergent, Divergent and Transform boundaries.
300
What is the name of the instrument that records the seismic waves generated by earthquakes?
Seismograph
300
What are the 3 main types of volcanos?
Strato-composite, Shield, Cinder Cone
300
What is the name of the fast-moving current of hot gas and rock that can flow out of a volcano during an eruption, and reach speeds of up to 700 km/h?
Pyroclastic flow
400
Who is considered the father of plate tectonics?
Alfred Wegener
400
What do we call the divergent boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
400
Other than speed, what is one difference between P waves and S waves?
S waves cannot travel through liquid
400
Which types of magma form each of the 3 types of volcanos?
Rhyolitic -> cinder cone / Andesitic -> strato-composite / Basaltic -> Shield
400
What is the difference between an earthquake's epicenter and an earthquake's focus?
Focus: where exactly the earthquake occurred Epicenter: point on the surface of the earthquake, directly above the Focus
500
What is the name of the super continent that will form in the next 250 million years?
Pangea Ultima
500
Approximately what distance do tectonic plates move each year?
Several centimeters (the same rate that your fingernails grow)
500
What are 2 types of faults that can cause earthquakes?
Normal Fault, Thrust Fault, Dip-Slip Fault
500
Which US state has the most volcanos in the United States?
Alaska
500
Explain how scientists can determine the location of an earthquake epicenter using a seismogram.
1. Calculate the difference in P-wave and S-wave arrival times for three different cities. 2. Use the S-P graph to translate the difference in arrival time into a distance from the epicenter. 3. Draw circles around each of the 3 cities, with a radius equal to that city's distance to the epicenter. 4. The epicenter is where all 3 circles intersect.
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