Chapter 1
The model of a design used for testing.
What is a prototype?
The general term for any nourishing substance.
What is a nutrient?
Type of rock that forms when magma solidifies.
What is igneous rock?
The point on the earth's surface directly above where an earthquake begins.
What is the epicenter?
Deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left by wind or water.
What are sediments?
The rocky surface of the earth.
What is the crust?
pH values above 7.
What is basic?
A line of powder left by a mineral when it is rubbed across unglazed porcelain.
What is a streak?
Term used for any piece of solid volcanic ejecta.
What is pyroclast?
Smaller earthquakes that follow a large earthquake for days or months.
What are aftershocks?
This term describes the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
What is luster?
Water underneath the soil's surface.
What is groundwater?
A group in an experiment on which a test is performed.
What is an experimental group?
Gypsum rock forms when water containing dissolved minerals evaporates, leaving the minerals behind. It is considered this type of rock because the rock components were dissolved in water.
INhat is chemical sedimentary rock?
The scale used to measure the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption.
What is the Volcanic Explosivity system?
The fastest type of earthquake waves.
What are P waves?
Type of mining that involves miners removing pillars in a specific order to allow the least stress on the walls and ceiling of the mine.
What is retreat mining?
A layer of either porous rock or a gravel-soil mixture that can hold water.
What is an aquifer?
The logic error in which someone assumes a change in one factor caused a change in another factor only because the second change occurred after the first.
What is the post hoc fallacy?
Rock that has a porous texture that allows it to float in water.
What is pumice?
The structure that ejects solid materials from a volcano.
What is a vent?
Type of fault where rocks along one side move move horizontally along the fault.
What is a strike-slip fault?
Type of rock that forms when layers of small particles laid down by water are hardened into rock.
What is sedimentary rock?
The general term for a mass of volcanic rock beneath the surface.
What is an igneous intrusion?
The idea when multiple scientists test the same scientific idea in different ways and all come to the same conclusion.
What is reproducibility?
Vinegar and baking soda cause this to happen.
What are bubbles?
Large pieces of solid volcanic ejecta that solidify before being ejected from the volcano.
What are volcanic blocks?
The most reliable method for mathematically measuring an earthquake's strength.
What is the moment magnitude scale?
Type of limestone that forms from calcium-containing plankton remains.
What is chalk limestone?
The type of metamorphism that results when rocks are baked by contact with hot magma.
What is contact metamorphism?
What a scientist does after he has completed his experiment.
What is record and analyze the data?
The idea that undisturbed sedimentary strata lie in the order they were laid down.
What is the law of superposition?
Rocks that bend downward during the folding process to form a trough-like structure.
What is a syncline?
The earthquake zone that includes the San Andreas Fault.
What is the circum-Pacific belt?
Organic sedimentary rock that is a fossil fuel.
What is granite?
Too many denitrifying bacteria present in the soil would cause plants to grow slower because of the lack of this in the soil.
What is nitrogen?