Earth’s Interior & Plates
This is the Earth's solid outer layer that has been directly sampled, separated from the mantle below by the Moho.
What is the crust?
This is the actual point deep in the earth where an earthquake begins, contrasted with the point directly above it on the surface.
What is the epicenter?
This is an opening in the earth's surface through which gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected through a central tube.(Name two different definitions)
What is a volcano and a vent?
This type of lava hardens into smooth, ropy rock, where as this other type hardens into rough, jagged, crumbly rocks. (Name two)
What are pahoehoe and aa?
This scale describes and evaluates the observable effects of an earthquake on people and structures.
What is the Modified Mercalli Scale?
This rigid region composed of tectonic plates floats on the plastic rock of the upper mantle known as this.
What is the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
The fastest waves that can go through any medium, secondary waves that can go through solids only, and the slowest surface-only waves
What are P waves, S waves, and Surface waves?
This volcano type consists primarily of cinders, this features a broad gently-sloped cone of fluid lava, and this has alternating layers. (Name three)
What are cinder-cone, shield, and composite volcanoes?
When volcanic magma hardens in a vertical crack it forms this, whereas squeezing horizontally between layers forms this. (Name two)
What are a dike (vertical) and a sill (horizontal)?
Based on measuring the size of the earthquakes source, this scale considered the most reliable.
What is the moment magnitude scale?
Also called the Gutenberg discontinuity, this marks the boundary between the earth's mantle and core.
What is the core-mantle boundary?
This theory states that rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little strain when an earthquake occurs, triggering vibrations.
What is elastic-rebound theory?
This belt encircles the Pacific basin containing most of the world's volcanoes, and its eruptions are measured using this explosive index. (Two different things)
What are the Ring of Fire (Circum-Pacific belt) and the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?
This dome like igneous intrusion forms when magma bulges overlying rocks upward, while this much larger underground mass is called a what? (Name two different things)
What are a laccolith and a batholith?
This building technique constructs a structure firmly on bedrock, where as this other technique rests buildings on special isolators. (Name two different things)
What are fixed-based systems and base-isolated systems?
This model suggests the earth's crust broke rapidly into plates at the beginning of the Genesis Flood.
What is catastrophic plate tectonics?
The instrument used to record earthquake vibrations and the actual record it produces.
What are a seismograph and a seismogram?
This is a superheated cloud of gas and ash that rushes down a volcano like an avalanche, and this is the huge bowl-shaped crater left behind.(Two different definitions)
What is a pyroclastic flow and a caldera?
These are empty tubes left behind when the surface of a lava flow hardens while the molten lava inside continues to flow and drains out.
What are lava tunnels?
This computer system stores and processes data to create maps showing elevation via contour lines.
What is a Geographic Information System (GIS) (which makes topographic maps)?
This area is the transition zone located between the upper and lower mantle, where rocks flow like thick, syrupy liquid due to high pressure.
What is plastic rock (in the transition zone)?
A major strike-slip fault in California and a massive earthquake zone stretching from Africa through Europe and Asia.(Name the two different things)
What are the San Andreas Fault and the Alpide belt?
This classification describes a volcano that has erupted in recorded history, this one is inactive but could erupt, and this one will likely never erupt again.(Name three)
What are active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes?
This is the name for solid ejecta particles between 2 mm and 64 mm in size, while this refers to large, irregularly shaped blobs that harden mid-air. ( Name two different things)
What are lapilli and volcanic bombs?
These added devices in a building structure are specifically designed to absorb some of the incoming seismic energy during an earthquake.
What are energy-dissipating devices?