Earthquakes
The study of earthquakes
seismology
The study of the earth
geology
The fracture zone between stationary and moving rocks
fault
The study of volcanos
volcanology
lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with a crumbly texture
aa
molten rock beneath the surface
magma
weak earthquake
tremor
The deposits of sand and mineral fragments usually laid down by water
Sediments
sudden movement of rock masses along a fault
faulting
Type of volcano that is inactive but can erupt again
dormant volcano
lava that is emitted underwater and solidifies almost instantly to form rounded structures resembling pillows
pillow lava
created when magma hardens in a vertical fissure
dike
smaller earthquake or tremor that follows a larger earthquake
aftershock
Earthquake waves provide us with information about the Earth's
interior
mountain thought to have formed when rocks on one side of a fault were forced up while the rocks on the other side sank
fault-block mountain
type of volcano formed partly by explosive eruptions of ash and rock fragments and partly by mild lava flows
composite
lava that hardens to form either a smooth or ropy surface
pahoehoe
created when magma squeezes between two horizontal rock layers and hardens
sill
the underground point at which an earthquake begins
hypocenter
THe central portion of the earth is the
core
mountain that appears to have formed when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer
domed
type of volcano that probably will not erupt again
extinct
superheated cloud of gas and small particles that travel as an avalanche
pyroclastic flow
mass of underground volcanic rock that is similar to a laccolith but much larger
batholith
The point on the earth's surface directly above an earthquake's hypocenter
epicenter
The inner core of the earth is thought to be this
solid
folded
type of volcano consists primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held loosely together
cinder-cone
solid particles less than 2 mm in diameter
The fastest type of earthquake waves
P waves
The way scientists determine the point where an earthquake begins
measuring travel time of seismic waves
The middle of the earth's three main layers
mantle
topographic map
A particle or block of solid volcanic ejecta
pyroclast
solid ejecta larger than 2 mm but less than 64 mm in diameter
lapilli
The boundary line between the crust and mantle
MoHo
Measures seismic waves
seismograph
The earth's outer layer made of solid rock
crust
anticline
bowl shaped hollow formed by the collapse of an underground magma chamber
caldera
large, irregularly shaped lump made of lava that hardened before being thrown out of the volcano
volcanic block
A computer system that stores and processes geographic data from various sources
geographic information system
80% of the world's earthquakes occur here
circum-Pacific belt
region consisting of the earth's crust and upper mantle formed by tectonic plates.
lithosphere
thrust fault
The channel in a volcano through which gases, ash and molten rock are ejected from
vent
The source of a volcanic eruption
magma chamber
The scale used to measure the damage an earthquake does
modified Mercalli scale
earthquake that results from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface
tectonic earthquake
The plastic rock in the lower portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
The idea that rocks on either side of a fault spring to a position of little or no stress after earthquakes
elastic rebound
Large almond or teardrop shaped volcanic ejecta
volcanic bomb
A mass of underground volcanic rock
igneous intrusion
The scale that is considered the most reliable method for measuring the energy released by an earthquake
The earthquake zone stretching from southern Europe to Indonesia
Apide belt
The bottom of the mantle
core-mantle boundary or Gutenberg discontinuity
The idea that rapid movement of tectonic plates during the Flood is responsible for most of Earth's features
Catastrophic plate tectonics
The strength of a volcanic eruption is measured with this scale
Volcanic Explosivity Index
horizontal feature that forms when the surface of a large lava flow hardens but the lave beneath remains molten and continues to flow
lava tunnel
Make up 85% of all earthquakes
shallow- focus