Rocks and Minerals!
Metamorphic Rocks are formed this way...
Heat and Pressure!!!
Mid-Ocean ridges normally form where tectonic plates do this
Diverge
<--->
If a volcano has not erupted for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in the foreseeable future it is considered...
Extinct
The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth are often described as this...
the Lithosphere!
Conduction!
Defined as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal shape and a definite chemical composition.
A mineral
Subduction causes this to happen on the ocean floor
It causes the ocean floor to sink into deep-ocean trenches!
Immediately before volcano erupts this happens...
Expanding gas pushes the magma through the pipe, often causing earthquakes
Cycling of matter occurs in the Earth's mantle the following way...
Hot, soft rock rises from the bottom of the mantle to the top, cools and sinks back through the mantle.
(This is caused by Convection!!!)
The lava that flows from Mt. Kilauea is low in scilica content. This causes the lava flow to be...
Bonus points for what type of eruption that Mt. Kilauea experiences!
fast moving and able to travel long distances!
Kilauea experiences quiet eruptions.
Most rocks are made of this...
Minerals!
Finding that the sea floor was youngest near mid-ocean ridges and older the farther away from the ridge we got helped support this theory related to plate tectonics...
Sea-Floor Spreading!
A volcano whose magma is rich in scilica (very thick and heavy) is likely to have this kind of eruption...
Double points for being able to give an example!
Mt. St. Helens!
The Earth's plates are constantly moving because of this...
convection in the Earth's mantle!
A Rift Valley!
What is a common way geologists try to monitor volcanoes and potentially predict volcanic eruptions.
This Mt. Saint Helen's (Washington State) and Mount Pinatubo (Philippines).
Seismic activity! Deep earthquakes below the volcano help us predict that gas is expanding and applying lots of pressure to pipes and vents.
The Mesosaurus's fossils were found in both South American and South Eastern Africa. This might suggest what about how the fossils came exist on two continents thousands of miles apart...
The continents of South America and Africa were connected when the Mesosaurus lived!
What are some everyday items you can use to learn the characteristics of a mineral and what can they tell you about it?
A penny, a piece of glass, a nail (or other edged piece of metal), a tile, a hammer and OUR OWN HANDS AND EYES!
The penny, glass and metal can show us the hardness (Moh's Scale!!!)
The tile can show us the mineral's streak!
The hammer can show us it's fracture when we break it!
With our hands we can feel the grain and texture of the mineral!
With our eyes we can observe the cleavage of the mineral!
The African plate is moving towards the Eurasian plate (Southern Europe aka Italy, Spain, France, Greece) and Western Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon).
What will happen in a few hundred million years to this area?
They will collide! This will likely cause MOUNTAINS!!!!
Discussion question! Bonus points time!!!
Volcanoes with explosive eruptions are less dangerous because of magma, but much more dangerous because of pyroclastic flow.
What dangers does pyroclastic flow pose to humans.
What dangers does a pyroclastic flow pose to people that is similar to a danger created by earthquakes??
Pyroclastic flows create heavy deposits of ash sometimes for many miles surrounding the eruption site. In addition to generating ash, they cause air quality and visibility to drop dramatically. This giant cloud is made up of poisonous gas, ash and explosive rocks!
The similar dangers posed by both pyroclastic flows and earthquakes are.... LANDSLIDES/MUDSLIDES!
Discussion question!! worth 1000 points!
How are volcanoes related to the Earth's plates?
Generally speaking volcanoes are often found where plates converge or diverge. Stress points on the Earth's crust lead to magma being able to make it's way to the surface. This is why the Ring of Fire shows a horseshoe shape of many volcanoes all along plate boundaries in the Pacific ocean.