Minerals
The definition of a mineral (include all 5 components)
1. naturally occurring
2. inorganic
3. solid
4. definite chemical composition
5. ordered internal molecular structure
What are the two different ways igneous rocks can form? (include the 2 terms for each)
Intrusive (plutonic)
Extrusive (volcanic)
what does the term bioclastic mean?
'life' 'fragments'
a) What does the term metamorphic come from?
b) What are the rocks called that they form from?
a) change of form
b) parent rocks
Differentiate between renewable resource and non-renewable resource.
Give an example of each.
renewable- can be replaced in nature (trees, crops, oxygen, water)
non-renewable- exists in a fixed amount OR used up faster than it can be replaced in nature (fossil fuels, minerals, metals)
Explain the particles behaviour as magma cools.
-move freely in molten (liquid) rock
-particles get closer together as magma cools
-cooling rate determines mineral grain size
Give 3 differences between Felsic and Mafic rock.
Mafic-hotter, less viscous, more fluid, larger amounts of Fe & Mg, darker, higher denser
Felsic-viscous, slow, high silica content, smaller amounts of metals, lighter colour, lighter density
Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed.
rock or sediment material that has been broken down in some way, usually formed in a watery environment, can contain fossils
a) Define metamorphism.
b) what can help to speed up the process?
a) the process by which a rocks structure is changed by pressure, heat and moisture.
b) hot gases and liquids
Differentiate between native and combined metals.
native- elements naturally occurring uncombined with other elements
combined- often found chemically combined with other elements
List 4 of the 6 crystal forms.
-cubic
-tetragonal
-hexagonal
-orthorhombic
-monoclinic
-triclinic
Explain how the texture compares between intrusive and extrusive rocks.
Intrusive-coarse texture, large crystals
Extrusive- smaller crystals, fine texture
What are the two main types of sedimentary rock?
-inorganic/land-derived
-chemically and/or organically formed
Differentiate between regional and local
regional- larger areas, most of Earth's metamorphic crust
local- smaller more distinct areas
What is the process of ore extraction? (list all steps in the correct order)
dig, crush, grind, mineral specific processing & extraction
Using Mohs Scale of Hardness, put the following in order of 'softest' to 'hardest'
-Calcite, Diamond, Fluorite, Talc, Topaz
Talc, Calcite, Fluorite, Topaz, Diamond
What is 'Tuff' and how is it formed?
- transitional rock between igneous and sedimentary
-formed when ash from a volcanic eruption gets compressed into rock
How do conglomerate and breccia fragments differ?
c- rounded fragments
b- angular fragments
Differentiate between contact metamorphism and deformational metamorphism
contact- hot magma moves into parent rock, heats and changes the parent rock, hot gases and liquids may enter parent rock and react with its minerals
-causes fewer changes
-affects less rock
deformational-same chem comp, but change shape, different texture and structure, stress and friction, low temp & high pressure
What are 4 solutions to limited availability of mineral resources?
-find more sources
-find a substitute
-recycle
-use less
-do without
Identify AND draw all 7 tetrahedral structural arrangements
island
double island
single chains
double chains
rings
sheets
framework
Define laccolith and batholith
Laccolith- viscous magma cant flow and just bulges up to form a domed mass (pushes rock layers above it up as well)
Batholith- largest of all plutons, form core of many mountain ranges, can cover thousands of kms, exposed through uplift and erosion
how are evaporites formed?
formed when water carrying minerals evaporate and leave the minerals behind
Slate, marble and quartzite are metamorphosed what?
slate--> shale
marble--> limestone
quartzite--> sandstone
a) What are the two most recycled metals?
b) there is _____ as much energy needed to produce steel from recycled scrap as from original ore.
a) iron and steel
b) one-third