Cell Membrane
What is the thin barrier that surrounds a cell and controls what enters and leaves?
cell membrane
Which macromolecule is the body's main source of quick energy?
carbohydrates
What molecule is produced during cellular respiration and provides usable energy for cells?
ATP
Which type of cell contains a nucleus?
eukaryotic cell
In the phospholipid bilayer, which part is attracted to water?
hydrophilic phosphate heads
Which macromolecule contains glycerol and fatty acids?
lipids
In which stage of respiration is glucose first broken down?
glycolysis
Which type of cell includes organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists?
eukaryotic cells
According to the fluid mosaic model, what two main components make up most of the cell membrane?
phospholipids and proteins
Which macromolecule is made of amino acids and helps build and repair tissues?
proteins
Complete the word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → ______ + ______ + Energy
carbon dioxide and water
Name one structure found in eukaryotic cells that is not found in prokaryotic cells.
nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus
A sodium ion (Na⁺) cannot easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer, but oxygen gas can. Why?
oxygen is small and non-polar
sodium ions are charged and are repelled by the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
A food sample turns blue-black when iodine is added. Which macromolecule is present?
starch/carbohydrate
Match the stage with its location: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Glycolysis → cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle → mitochondrial matrix
Electron Transport Chain → inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
Compare the location of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
prokaryotes - DNA free in the cytoplasm
eukaryotes - DNA is enclosed within a nucleus.
Explain one reason the membrane is described as "fluid" and one reason it is described as a "mosaic".
Fluid because phospholipids can move sideways; mosaic because different proteins are embedded throughout the membrane.
Explain why a marathon runner would need carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in their diet.
Carbohydrates - quick source of energy
Lipids - long-term energy storage and can be broken down during extended exercise.
Proteins - growth, repair, and maintenance of muscles and other tissues.
State one input, one output, and the amount of ATP produced within glycolysis.
Input: Glucose, ATP
Outputs: Pyruvate, NADH, ATP
ATP: Net 2 ATP or 4 gross ATP
A scientist observes a cell with ribosomes, a cell membrane, DNA, and mitochondria. Is the cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Explain your reasoning.
Eukaryotic. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotes do not possess membrane-bound organelles.