EBM & PICO
A patient declines a recommended intervention because of personal priorities. EBM requires incorporating these priorities through this clinical process.
What is shared decision-making?
If a 95% confidence-interval method were repeated many times, approximately this proportion of the resulting intervals would contain the true
parameter.
What is 95%?
In a trial, neither the participants nor the investigators know who receives active medication. This is the masking strategy.
What is double-blinding?
Two PAs independently examine the same patients and compare their findings. They are evaluating this type of reliability.
What is interrater reliability?
For conditions in this Florida reporting class, the county health department should be telephoned upon clinical suspicion without waiting for confirmation.
What is "Suspect Immediately" reporting?
A disease stays consistently present at its expected level in one geographic area. Epidemiologists describe this pattern with this term.
What is endemic?
During a foodborne outbreak, investigators compare the proportion who became ill among people eating each dish. This exposure-specific measure is the...
What is an attack rate?
This search framework converts a clinical question into patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome concepts before retrieving literature.
What is PICO (or PICOT)?
A study misses a treatment effect that truly exists. In hypothesis testing, this false-negative decision is known by this name.
What is a Type II error?
A patient switches treatment arms but is analyzed in the group assigned at randomization. This principle preserves randomization.
What is intention-to-treat analysis?
Applying a test’s positive likelihood ratio to the pretest odds of disease produces this updated quantity.
What are the posttest odds of disease?
Emergency departments track fever-and-cough visits before knowing the specific infectious diagnosis. This is the surveillance type.
What is syndromic surveillance?
Selected healthcare facilities systematically report trends as a representative sample rather than every facility participating. This is the surveillance model.
What is sentinel surveillance?
A prevention team asks how much disease risk would disappear if an exposure were eliminated. This is the measure of impact.
What is attributable risk?
An intervention works in trials, but clinicians rarely use it. This field studies strategies for moving the evidence into routine practice.
What is implementation science?
Researchers compare mean examination scores from four independent teaching groups. This procedure commonly evaluates whether the group
means differ.
What is analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
A case-control study reports an odds ratio of 2.5. The exposed group has this association with the outcome compared with the unexposed group.
What are 2.5 times the odds of the outcome?
The same test is used in a much lower-prevalence population. This value usually decreases even when sensitivity and specificity stay unchanged.
What is positive predictive value (PPV)?
To compare death rates between older and younger communities, epidemiologists use this mortality measure to account for age distribution.
What is an age-adjusted mortality rate?
Housing, education, transportation, and access to nutritious food are examples of this category of influences on health.
What are social determinants of health?
Surveillance demonstrates rising tobacco-related morbidity, and legislators decide it deserves policy attention. This stage of policymaking is called...
What is agenda setting?
Despite a statistically significant result, a study has major baseline imbalance and loss to follow-up. This step asks whether its findings can be believed.
What is critical appraisal of study validity?
A small trial shows no statistically significant difference with a new therapy compared to the gold standard treatment, but it has very low power. Investigators must avoid claiming this.
What is evidence of equivalence (or proof of no
effect)?
A trial’s number needed to treat is 20. This many patients must receive treatment, on average, to prevent one additional event.
What are 20 patients?
An apparent relationship between ice cream consumption and sunburn is explained by hot weather. Temperature is this third variable.
What is a confounding variable?
Local and state agencies send de-identified information about nationally notifiable diseases to the CDC through this system.
What is the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)?
An occupational toxin directly harms a worker; the same chemical pollutes a river and later affects a nearby town. The latter exemplifies this pathway.
What is an indirect environmental exposure (or indirect effect)?
After a serious wrong-patient event, the team investigates system failures; before launching a new process, it anticipates failure points. Name these two
methods in order.
What are root cause analysis (RCA) and healthcare failure mode and effect analysis (HFMEA)?
This health system combines published evidence with its own outcome data, improves care, then studies the new results in a continuous feedback loop
What is a learning healthcare system?
Investigators compare categorical response proportions in small groups with very low expected cell counts. This test is often preferable to chi-square.
What is Fisher's exact test?
A participant withdraws without experiencing the endpoint, so their exact time to the event is unknown. Survival analysts call this type of observation.
What is right-censored data?
A research team compares three educational interventions while accounting for students’ starting grades as covariates. This analysis extends ANOVA.
What is analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)?
A report says 18% of all deaths in a region were caused by stroke. This proportion of all deaths is called this mortality measure.
What is proportionate mortality?
After collecting data about community health disparities, a public health coalition creates a prioritized plan with measurable interventions. This document is the operational counterpart to the CHA.
What is the Community Health Improvement Plan
(CHIP)?
A vaccine program counts reminder calls made but also measures the percentage of patients vaccinated. Respectively, these are the two kinds of
objectives.
What are process and outcome objectives?