Design
In this design, subject acts as their own control, and receives both experimental and control (or comparison) condition in an alternating fashion
A. Case-Control Design
B. Before and After
C. Single-system Design
D. Cross-sectional
C. Single-system Design
What are three types of research design?
a) Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Non-experimental
b) Qualitative, quantitative, philosophical perspective
c) Independent, dependent, variable
d) Prospective, retrospective, longitudinal
a) Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Non-experimental
These type of questions are usually experimental or quasi-experimental, using RTC, before and after, or single-system designs
A. Prognostic
B. Examination
C. Diagnostic
D. Intervention
E. Outcome Measures
D. Intervention
Why do researchers need to anticipate and deal with attrition?
a) To maximize reductions in power
b) To minimize reductions in power
c) To confuse the reader
d) To minimize sample size
b) To minimize reductions in power
What is a solution for attrition?
a) Not documenting reasons for withdrawal
b) Unequal groups
c) Replacement of subjects
d) Non-compliance
c) Replacement of subjects
What is a key characteristic of quasi-experimental designs?
a) Meets all requirements of experimental design
b) Lacks random assignment
c) No manipulation of variables
d) No comparison groups
b) Lacks random assignment
When there is no control group, an investigator selects a single group of patients an assesses an outcome of interest before and after an intervention, this design is
A. cohort design
B. case-control design
C. before and after
D. Single-system Design
C. before and after
These type of questions are usually non-experimental, observational only, OR utilize experimental design, with designs such as cohort design, case-control, or RCT
A. Prognosis
B. Examination
C. Diagnosis
D. Intervention
E. Outcome Measures
A. Prognosis
What is the purpose of power in research?
a) To minimize sample size
b) To confuse the reader
c) Ability to detect a difference if one exists
d) To maximize reductions
c) Ability to detect a difference if one exists
"Statistical power, or sensitivity, is the likelihood of a significance test detecting an effect when there actually is one" Scribber.com
What differentiates background questions from foreground questions?
a) Background questions are specific to a patient
b) Background questions ask about general information
c) Foreground questions cover general topics
d) Foreground questions are found in textbooks
b) Background questions ask about general information
If a test has high sensitivity and the result is negative, what can you do?
a) Rule in the condition
b) Rule out the condition
c) Order more tests
d) Start treatment immediately
b) Rule out the condition
What is the focus of foreground questions?
a) General knowledge
b) Textbooks
c) A specific patient
d) Literature reviews
c) A specific patient
These type of questions are usually non-experimental, using retrospective or prospective study design, or cross sectional/longitudinal design (i.e. groups of subjects with varying degrees of pathology and how they respond)
A. Prognostic
B. Examination
C. Diagnostic
D. Intervention
E. Outcome Measures
E. Outcome Measures - usually looking at reliability and validity
What is sampling error?
a) Error in data collection
b) Difference between a sample and the population due to chance
c) Use of readily available subjects
d) Recruiting subjects who then recruit more subjects
b) Difference between a sample and the population due to chance
"a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data." investopedia.com
What are the five steps in the EBP process?
a) Identify the need for information, search for evidence, appraise the research, integrate evidence with clinical experience, evaluate effectiveness
b) Select topic of interest, state the research problem, define the research question, design the study, collect data
c) Report findings, suggest further study, communicate
d) Describe populations, find relationships, cause and effect
a) Identify the need for information, search for evidence, appraise the research, integrate evidence with clinical experience, evaluate effectiveness
What is specificity?
a) The proportion of patients with the condition who test positive
b) The proportion of individuals without the condition who test negative
c) The ability of a test to rule out a condition
d) The overall accuracy of a test
b) The proportion of individuals without the condition who test negative
A type of observational study in which a group of individuals (cohort) is
followed over time to assess the relationship between exposures and outcomes, describes this type of design:
A. cohort design
B. case-control design
C. Quasi-Experimental Design
D. Single-system Design
A. cohort design
These type of questions are usually non-experimental, observational only, and cross-sectional/longitudinal (i.e. groups of subjects with varying degrees of pathology and how they respond) using cohort or descriptive studies (TWO CORRECT OPTIONS)
A. Prognostic
B. Examination
C. Diagnostic
D. Intervention
E. Outcome Measures
B. Examination, C. Diagnostic
How does systematic assignment work?
a) Randomly assign each individual to a group
b) Sample members count off according to group numbers
c) Match subjects into subsets based on characteristics
d) Predetermine the number of subjects in each group
b) Sample members count off according to group numbers
"In experimental research, random assignment is a way of placing participants from your sample into different treatment groups using randomization" Scribbr.com
What are the four elements of the time element in research?
a) Duration, direction, prospective, retrospective
b) Reliability, validity, descriptive
c) Independent, dependent, variable
d) Descriptive, Exploratory, Experimental
a) Duration, direction, prospective, retrospective
A type of observational study in which individuals with a specific outcome of interest (cases) are compared to a group without the outcome (controls) to identify factors that may be associated with the outcome, descibes this type of design
A. Single system
B. Before and After
C. Cohort studies
D. Case control
D. Case control
Which research designs is for questions about examination (pick TWO)
A. Single system
B. Before and After
C. Cohort studies
D. Descriptive studies
C. Cohort studies, and D. Descriptive studies
What is a quasi-experiment?
A. Participants are randomly assigned to either an experimental group (receiving treatment) or a control group (placebo or standard treatment).
B. A research design that resembles an experimental study but lacks full control over variables, particularly random assignment of participants to groups.
C. Collects data at a single point in time.
D. Follows a group of people over time to examine outcomes.
Correct answer: B
(A is RTC, C is cross-sectional, D is a cohort study)
"Like a true experiment, a quasi-experimental design aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable. However, unlike a true experiment, a quasi-experiment does not rely on random assignment. Instead, subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria. Quasi-experimental design is a useful tool in situations where true experiments cannot be used for ethical or practical reasons." (scribbr.com)
"A quasi-experiment is an empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention. Quasi-experiments shares similarities with experiments or randomized controlled trials, but specifically lack random assignment to treatment or control."
How does matched assignment work?
a) Randomly assign each individual to a group
b) Sample members count off according to group numbers
c) Predetermine the number of subjects in each group
d) Subjects are matched or formed into subsets based on important characteristics
d) Subjects are matched or formed into subsets based on important characteristics
"In an experimental matched design, you use blocking and then match up individual participants from each block based on specific characteristics. Within each matched pair or group, you randomly assign each participant to one of the conditions in the experiment and compare their outcomes" scribbr.com
Why is reliability of a diagnostic test important?
a) Because it is easy to measure and quantify.
b) Because reliability is needed to have validity.
c) Because it ensures that the test is cost-effective.
d) Because it is a requirement for publication in peer-reviewed journals
b) Because reliability is needed to have validity.