Evidence that Matters
Types of studies that provide information on characteristics of a population or specific group of people
What are descriptive studies?
Term used to describe participant drop out prior to completion of a research study
What is attrition?
These criteria are used to limit potential confounding variables when selecting study participants
What are exclusion criteria?
This type of hypothesis states that there will be a difference between conditions or outcomes, but does not predict the direction of difference (i.e., increase/decrease)
What is a two-sided or directional hypothesis?
This level of measurement includes things like names, labels, or categories - e.g. - gender, college major
What is a nominal measurement?
Definition of epidemiology
What is the medical science that identified incidence, distribution and determinants of health vs disease?
The best types of studies to identify causes of disease and/or disability
What are cohort studies and case control studies?
Type of study bias that occurs due to chance
What is random error?
According to the APTA, this grade of evidence would be supported by a single high quality RCT
What is grade B or moderate evidence?
This type of hypothesis states that there will be no effect of the intervention being tested
What is a null hypothesis?
These are properties of a ratio level measurement, e.g. - HR
What are:
Can be ranked or arranged in order
Has uniform differences between data points
Has a true zero?
Morbidity
What is development of disease?
The best type of studies (least bias, most control) for answering questions about the effectiveness of an intervention
What are meta-analyses and systematic reviews?
Extent to which an intervention produces desired effects under typical or usual clinical conditions
What is effectiveness?
The amount of change required to have a significant impact on patient function
What is the MCID or minimally clinically important difference?
This term is used to describe the outcome of interest within an experimental study
What is a dependent variable (DV)?
The Likert scale is an example of this level of measurement - e.g. - strongly agree (5), agree (4), neutral (3), disagree (2), strongly disagree (1)
What is ordinal measurement?
Monitoring trends to determine whether disease rates are changing over time
What is surveillance research or what are surveillance data?
Two considerations regarding the feasibility of evidence-based PT interventions
What is scope of practice & access to resources?
Extent to which an intervention produces the desired outcome UNDER IDEAL, WELL-CONTROLLED conditions
What is efficacy?
In this type of error, the researchers reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true (false positive)
What is a Type I error?
Within-subjects research design
What is repeated measures design where each participant is compared to themselves throughout the course of the study - e.g. - pre-test, post-test?
This type of measurement can be ranked or arranged in order, and there are meaningful differences between data points, but the scale has no true zero - e.g. - temperature in degrees Farhenheit
What is an interval measurement?
What is incidence?
APTA's public advocacy program to promote consumer awareness of evidence-based practice
What is the APTA Choose Wisely Campaign?
Extent to which study results can be generalized to the population at large
What is external validity?
This term describes the ability to detect a meaningful difference between research groups or conditions when a difference actually exists
What is study power?
This type of research design provides a basis for comparison in RCTs where there is more than one group or condition being tested
What is a between-subjects design?
In this sampling method, all members of the reference population have an equal chance of being selected for the study
What is probability sampling?
The percentage of the population who present with a certain type of health condition at any single period of time
4 types of information that matters most to patients
What are:
Symptoms
Prognosis
Quality of Life
Treatment Options
These types of studies do not involve a hypothesis but still address a research question
What are observational and/or descriptive studies?
Difference between sample statistics and population measurement for variable of interest
What is sampling error?
This term is used to describe factors besides the intervention that could potentially influence or confound the research study findings
What are extraneous variables?
This type of sampling method is often used in qualitative research to select participants who have the greatest ability to provide information about the study topic
What is purposive sampling?
Increased likelihood of disease in a population with an OR = 1.68
What is a 68% higher likelihood as compared with the reference group?
The degree of variation in measurement that occurs because of error
What is reliability?
This type of research bias occurs when there is an unintentional sharing of information between research participants in the experimental group and participants in the control or comparison group
What is diffusion bias?
This type of research error occurs when research staff either consciously or subconsciously provide extra care or attention to participants in the control group
What is compensatory equalization of treatment?
This describes participants' change in behavior that occurs if they know they are being observed
What is the Hawthorne effect?
The extent to which a measurement tool accurately captures all aspects of the variable of interest
What is validity?
3 factors that affect the prevalence of a certain disease or condition
What are:
incidence, recovery rate, and death rate/mortality?
The amount of change that is just above the standard error of measurement
What is the MDC or minimal detectable change?
Responsiveness to change
What is the extent to which a measurement instrument is able to capture small changes in status?
This property describes the ability of a diagnostic test to accurately identify the presence of a disease or condition with FEW FALSE NEGATIVES
What is sensitivity?
This term describes a natural change in subjects or conditions over time that can interfere with study results
What is maturation?
This effect occurs when a measurement tool requires a level of performance that is too difficult and most participants receive a low score
What is the floor effect?
Used to provide the upper and lower limit of the estimated measurement for 95% of the population
What is the 95% confidence interval?