Research Designs
Key Concepts
Miscellaneous
Ethics
Parts of research studies
100
Studies conducted by looking at a single phenomenon across multiple populations at a single point in time with no intent for follow-up in the design.
What are cross-sectional studies?
100
The confidence that an experimental treatment or condition made a difference and that rival explanations were systematically ruled out through study design and control.
What is internal validity?
100
The concepts that are core to nursing: person, environment, health, and nurse.
What is a metaparadigm?
100
Review of study proposals that pose no risk to subjects in which the full IRB board is not required to participate.
What is exempt review?
100
Statements of the disparity between what is known and what needs to be known and addressed by the research.
What are problem statements?
200
Studies of cause and effect similar to experimental design by using convenience samples or existing groups to test interventions.
What are quasi-experimental studies?
200
The relationship that exists between a cause and its effect.
What is causality?
200
An explanation of the procedures that must be performed to accurately represent the concepts.
What is an operational definition?
200
Groups of people with diminished autonomy who cannot participate fully in the consent process. Such groups may include children, individuals with cognitive disorders, prisoners, and pregnant women.
What are vulnerable populations?
200
A summary of the most important aspects of the research that is used to apply for presentation; it also appears in the beginning of a publication and as a summary in searchable databases.
What is an abstract?
300
Research designed to quantify the strength and the direction of the relationship of two variables in a single subject or the relationship between a single variable in two samples.
What are correlation studies?
300
All subjects in the sample (not the population) have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or the control group.
What is random assignment?
300
Factors that exert an effect on the outcome but that are not part of the planned experiment and may confuse the interpretation of the results.
What are extraneous variables?
300
A basic principle of ethics stating that individuals should be treated autonomously, as capable of making their own decisions. Persons with limited autonomy or who are not capable of making their own decisions should be protected.
What is respect for persons?
300
Declarative and objective statements that indicate the general goal of the study and often describe the direction of the inquiry.
What are purpose statements?
400
Studies conducted using data that have already been collected about events that have already happened. Secondary data were originally collected for a purpose other than the current research..
What are retrospective studies?
400
A study that can be confidently generalized to people, places, or situations other than those in the experiment.
What is external validity?
400
This process involves trying to apply research findings to practice, changing practice from the results of a single research study.
What is research utilization?
400
A process of information exchange in which participants are provided understandable information needed to make a participation decision, full disclosure of the risks and benefits, and the assurance that withdrawal is possible at any time without consequences. This process begins with recruitment and ends with a signed agreement document.
What is informed consent?
400
This portion of the research article includes a discussion about study design, sample, and data collection.
What is the methods section?
500
Studies where more than one group of subjects is studied at the same point in time.
What are cohort comparison studies?
500
Studies developed to compare two different groups of subjects use this design.
What is between groups?
500
These publications are written for professionals within a discipline but are written with a more casual tone. They contain information related to professional development, products, practices, or trends in the discipline.
What is trade literature?
500
Review of study proposals that pose more than minimal risk to subjects, that do not quality for exempt status, and in which the full IRB committee participates.
What is full review?
500
This states that there is a relationship that exists between two or more variables.
What is a research hypothesis
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