Computer Architecture & Number Systems (Ch. 0)
This hardware component is known as the "brain" of the computer because it fetches, decodes, and executes program instructions.
What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
This mandatory punctuation mark must be placed at the end of every executable statement in C++.
What is a semicolon (;)?
In C++, the index number used to access the very first element of an array declared as: int sensorData[50];
What is 0?
This software translates high-level programming language into machine language that the computer understands.
What is a compiler?
The machine learning training method where the algorithm is provided with both input data and ground-truth output labels.
What is Supervised Learning?
This term describes the fast, volatile memory used by the CPU as "scratch paper" while programs are actively running.
What is Main Memory (or RAM / Random Access Memory)?
The type of error in the line of Arduino C++ code here:
String student_name = Chester Nimitz;
What is a Syntax Error?
(missing " " when initializing a String, i.e.
String student_name = "Chester Nimitz";)
The term for the dangerous programming flaw caused by writing to myArray[10] when myArray was declared with a size of 10.
What is an Array Out of Bounds Error?
A cyber-attack that extracts secret encryption keys by measuring physical side effects like power draw, execution time, or EM emissions.
What is a Side-Channel Attack?
An AI is tasked with predicting the exact numerical score of a student's next PRT based on number of lifting sessions per week, number of miles run per week, and previous PRT score. This is an example of this type of AI task.
What is Regression?
The decimal number 102 converted into an 8-bit binary number.
What is 011001102?
The maximum and minimum values returned by the Arduino's 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter function: analogRead() when measuring 0V to 5V.
What is 0 and 1023?
int weights[2][3] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};
This is the result of evaluating weights[1][0] + weights[0][2]?
What is 7?
4+3=7
A malicious physical modification made to an integrated circuit during manufacturing to create a hidden backdoor.
What is a Hardware Trojan?
The name of the metric that should be maximized (i.e. Precision or Recall) for a missile detection system on a DDG.
What is Recall?
The binary representation of the hexadecimal value 0x2A.
What is 001010102?
The final value of variable x after executing:
int x = 1, count = 0;
while(count < 3) {
x = x * 2;
count = count + 1;
}
What is 8?
struct DroneSensor {
String sensorName;
int pinNumber;
float voltage;
};
DroneSensor altimeter;
This is the exact line of code needed to set the voltage of the altimeter to 3.3.
What is altimeter.voltage = 3.3; ?
When you call built-in functions like Serial.println() in your Arduino code, the compiler uses this stage of the pipeline to connect your program with pre-written, reusable code saved on the system.
What is Linking?
An attack where a hacker physically alters the environment (i.e. spraying water vapor near a humidity sensor) to fool a trained AI.
What is an Input Perturbation Attack?
When a laptop is completely powered off, the operating system (such as Windows 10 or Linux) resides in this type of non-volatile memory.
What is secondary memory?
The value stored in variable grade after the following C++ statements:
int grade;
grade = 0.95;
What is 0?
(This is a variable type mismatch. Truncation occurs.)
Considering the following line of C++ code:
int scores[5] = {88, 92, 79, 95, 100};
This is the value stored in scores[3];
What is 95?
Because software is typically sold as binary machine code rather than human-readable source code, security analysts use this process to decompile machine instructions (1s and 0s) back into a readable format to inspect for hidden backdoors.
What is Reverse Engineering?
Specialized hardware chips designed specifically to execute parallel matrix multiplication for AI far faster than standard CPUs, which execute instructions sequentially.
What are TPUs/NPUs (Tensor/Neural Processing Units)?