Scientific Revolution
What major discovery by Copernicus challenged the geocentric view of the universe?
The heliocentric model (sun-centered)
Who is considered the initiator of the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther
Which European country was the first to establish colonies in the Americas?
Spain
Which ancient civilization built the city of Tenochtitlan?
The Aztecs
Who wrote "The Social Contract" and advocated for the idea of a social contract between citizens and their government?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who developed the laws of motion and gravity?
Sir Isaac Newton
What was the document that listed Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church called?
The 95 Theses
Name one new technology that contributed to European exploration.
Astrolabe or Magnetic compass
What is the name of the ancient Mayan writing system?
Hieroglyphics
Which Enlightenment thinker argued for the separation of powers?
Baron de Montesquieu. Montesquieu articulated his ideas on the separation of powers in his seminal work "The Spirit of the Laws"
What invention allowed scientists to make more accurate observations of celestial bodies?
The telescope
Which English king broke away from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England?
King Henry VIII
What were the primary motivations for European colonization in the Americas?
Wealth (gold and resources), the spread of Christianity, and the desire for political power (God, Gold, Glory)
What ancient civilization built impressive pyramids and developed an advanced calendar system?
The Maya
How did art, architecture, and literature of the Renaissance reflect new ideas?
Humanism: Emphasizing human potential and experiences.
Classical Influence: Reviving ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture.
Naturalism and Realism: Depicting the natural world and human anatomy realistically.
Secularism: Exploring worldly subjects alongside religious themes.
Individualism: Celebrating individual creativity and achievements, both in portraits and literary works.
Who is credited with creating the modern scientific method?
Francis Bacon
Who was the Swiss theologian who preached predestination?
John Calvin
What term describes the forced labor system in which Native Americans were made to work in Spanish colonies?
Encomienda system
What is the name of the ancient Inca city located in present-day Peru?
Machu Picchu
Explain the impact of the Enlightenment on government and political thought.
Social Contract Theory: Government legitimacy derived from the consent of the governed.
Separation of Powers: Advocated by Montesquieu for checks and balances.
Individual Rights: Locke's idea of natural rights like life, liberty, and property.
Limited Government: Emphasized to prevent tyranny and protect freedoms.
Democratic Ideals: Inspired revolutions for representative government and citizen rights.
Freedom of Thought: Advocated for intellectual freedom and expression, challenging censorship and intolerance.
What German astronomer formulated the laws of planetary motion?
Johannes Kepler
How did the printing press contribute to the spread of Protestant ideas?
The mass production of the Bible
How did the arrival of Europeans impact indigenous societies in the Americas?
Europeans brought diseases that Native Americans had no immunity to, causing widespread sickness and death. Europeans forced Native Americans to change their ways of life, adopt European languages and religions, and give up their traditions.
Who was the Spanish conquistador responsible for the fall of the Aztec Empire?
Hernan Cortes
Which sixteenth century Italian literary work is still studied today for its insights on political power?
The Prince