Triage
What is the definition of triage?
Rapid assessment of the patient to determine stability
What are the four major types of shock?
Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive
What is the first-line drug for anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine
Which toxic plant causes acute kidney injury in cats after ingestion?
Lillies
What virus affects rapidly dividing cells in young dogs causing vomiting, diarrhea, and neutropenia?
Parvovirus
What four organ systems are evaluated during your triage assessment?
Cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, renal
True or False: All types of shock require IV fluids to stabilize the patient
False - cardiogenic shock does not entail fluid therapy
Name (3) drugs we commonly use to stabilize a urethral obstruction that has a K+ of 8.5meq/L
Calcium gluconate, regular insulin, dextrose, terbutaline, albuterol, IVF
What organ system is primarily affected by grape or raisin toxicosis?
Kidneys (acute renal failure)
A dog presents with abdominal distention, nonproductive retching, and shock. What is your top differential?
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV)
What are the six perfusion parameters?
Heart rate, pulse quality, temperature, mucous membranes, capillary refill time, mentation
If a patient presents tachycardic with bound pulses and hyperemic (brick red mucous membranes) with a CRT <1sec, what type of shock are they in?
Distributive shock
Vasodilation
What drug class is methocarbamol and when would you use it?
Muscle relaxant, pyrethrin toxicity
What toxic substance in sugar-free gum causes hypoglycemia and liver failure?
Xylitol
What emergency disease requires immediate insulin therapy to correct metabolic derangements?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
If a patient comes into the hospital in severe respiratory distress, what is your technician approach?
Low stress handling, sedatives, O2 therapy
Cooper, 9yr MC DSH, presents laterally recumbent and minimally responsive, bradycardic (HR=90bpm), hypothermic (T=94F), pale and unable to assess CRT, and hypotensive (systolic=40mmHg). What stage of shock is he in?
Late decompensatory
What is the first drug of choice to treat NSAID toxicity-related GI ulceration?
Sucralfate
What component of chocolate is toxic to dogs? What is the most toxic type of chocolate?
Theobromine
Baking chocolate/cocoa
Name (2) signs of fluid overload in a hospitalized patient.
Crackles, serous nasal discharge, chemosis, increased respiratory rate, weight gain, pleural effusion (in cats)
A patient presents after acutely collapsing, dyspneic, and inappetent. On triage assessment, you notice he has pale mucous membranes and his heart sounds are muffled. What could this patient be suffering from?
Pericardial effusion
What is the most common shock in veterinary patients?
Hypovolemic
What vasopressor is often used to strengthen cardiac contractility in severe CHF?
Dobutamine
Name the (3) types of rodenticide toxicity.
Anticoagulant rodenticide - work by antagonizing Vitamin K epoxide reductase thereby preventing the activating of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
Bromethalin (neurologic) - works by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the CNS and liver mitochondria, thereby causing a ↓ in ATP production; ↓ ATP causes a ↓ in Na+/K+ ATPase activity which results in loss of ability to maintain osmotic gradient and membrane potential in the cell
Cholecalciferal (Vitamin D) - metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver, which is then converted by the kidney to active Vitamin D3 (1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D); vitamin D3 promotes the body's retention of Ca+
A young small-breed dog presents with intermittent ataxia, poor weight gain, head pressing, and disorientation. Bloodwork shows elevated liver enzymes, hyperammonemia, and an elevated post-prandial bile acids. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Portosystemic shunt