valves
How many valves are found within the heart and what are they?
4-MV, AoV, TV, PV
What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?
IVCT, Systole, IVRT, Diastole
This is know as the primary pacemaker of the heart. It is located at the border of the SVC and the right atrium.
SA node
When in the parasternal long axis view, why is it important to be able to locate the descending aorta and the coronary sinus?
The DAO and the CS can help determine whether or not fluid posterior to the heart is pericardial fluid or pleural fluid
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Of the valves in the heart, all have 3 cusps except one. Which valves does not have 3 cusps and how many cusps does it have?
Mitral vales-2 cusps
Period of contraction, when blood is ejected from the heart
systole
Which happens first in the heart, mechanical or electrical activity?
electrical
To visualize the anterolateral wall of the heart, which 2-D view would you use?
apical 4 chamber
What heart chamber is the most anterior?
Right ventricle
The valves of the heart can be classified into 2 types. What are these two types and which valves belong to which classification?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves-MV, TV and Semilunar valves-AoV, PV
immediately precedes diastole, all four valves are closed, the ventricular volumes remain constant, atrial volumes are changing.
IVRT
located within the IVS, this structure receives the impulse from the AV node and conducts it to the apex of the heart.
Bundle of His
The optimal 2D image is produced when the transducer is ____degrees to the structure being imaged.
90
The posterior mitral valve leaflet is divided into 3 scallops, what are they?
P1, P2, P3
List the valves in order of blood flowing through them beginning where blood returns to the right atrium.
TV, PV, MV, AoV
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole is known as?
end-diastolic volume
At the ventricle, stimulation causes _________ of the cells and contraction occurs from the ____cardium to the ____cardium and from the _____ of the heart to the ______ of the heart.
Depolarization
endo, epi
apex, base
In the apical 4 chamber view, what chambers and valves are visualized?
LA, LV, RA, RV
MV, TV
What is the normal LA dimension?
2.7-4.0cm (covers both men and women)
Which valves are open during diastole, and which are open during systole?
diastole-MV, TV Systole-AoV, PV
What creates the first heart sound on auscultation?
closure of the AV valves
Which point on the EKG represents electrical ventricular diastole?
T-wave
What are two different things that the subcostal view can help determine or rule out?
look for effusions, extra-cardiac masses, shows anatomy in relation to other structures, assess for PFO
While scanning a 43 year old man with a history of an old myocardial infarction, you notice that the anterior cardiac wall is akinetic. Which coronary artery is most likely to have been involved in the infarction?
LAD