Cardiac Anatomy
How many heart valves are there? What are their names?
4-Mitral Valve, Tricuspid valve, Aortic valve, Pulmonic valve
What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?
IVCT, Systole, IVRT, Diastole
This is known as the main pacemaker of the heart.
SA node
Wall motion terminology: what does akinetic mean?
No movement or thickening of the myocardium.
List 3 advantages of TTE
minimal staff & equipment
relatively pain free
quick
relatively inexpensive
portable
reliable
immediate information
safe-no radiation
Where does the left coronary artery arise from?
Left coronary sinus
The largest normal pressure gradient of the heart occurs where and when? What are the pressures of each location?
Between the left atria and left ventricle during systole when the MV is closed.
LA mean systolic pressure=2-12mmHg
LV systolic pressure=<120mmHg
What is the normal range of heart rate for adults?
60-100bpm
Define: Diastole
Period of relaxation of the heart when the ventricles are filling with blood.
What is the frequency of ultrasound? How does this compare to the frequency of human hearing?
>20,000 Hz
above the range of human hearing
Typically, arteries carry oxygenated blood while veins care deoxygenated blood. What is the name of the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
During diastole, the AV valves are OPEN or CLOSED, SL valves are OPEN or CLOSED. Pressures within the ventricles are HIGH or LOW, as the ventricles are filling. What do we call this filling?
open, closed, low, rapid early filling
The atria communicate with one another via the interatrial tract, also known as?
Bachman's bundle
Define: Diastasis
Occurs when the ventricle walls become stretched and the atrial and ventricular pressures reach equilibrium, causing flow to slow down.
What is the formula for cardiac output and the normal range of cardiac output?
CO=SV X HR
4-8L/min
In the PSAX view, at the level of the base, please list the 6 wall segments beginning with the most anterior segment and moving counter-clockwise
basal anteroseptal
basal inferoseptal
basal inferior
basal inferolateral
basal anterolateral
What is a wall motion abnormality and what causes it?
Cardiac walls that do not thicken/contract properly.
May be an indication of ischemic heart disease. (lack of blood flow to all or part of the cardiac muscles)
At the ventricles, stimulation causes depolarization of the cells and contraction occurs from the ________ to the ________, and from the ________ to the ________.
endocardium (inside), epicardium (outside), apex (bottom), base (top)
What is an afterload?
The resistance that the heart must pump against.
Compare high-frequency and low-frequency transducers with regard to penetration and resolution.
Low-frequency: excellent depth penetration, decreased resolution
high-frequency: excellent resolution, decreased depth penetration
List the structures that blood flows through in order beginning with the lungs.
Lungs, Pulm veins (4), LA, MV, LV, AoV, Aorta, systemic circulation, IVC/SVC, RA, TV, RV, PV, pulmonary artery, L & R pulmonary artery branches.
What is a preload of the heart? Name 3 things that increase preload and the effect it has on the heart chambers.
State of fluid overload that increased the workload on the heart before contraction.
Things that increase preload=Regurgitation, Ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosis
Increased preload will cause chambers to dilate
Name 3 ways myocardial cells differ from skeletal muscles.
1. Specialized, high-speed conductive pathways
2. Long refractory period-ensured depolarization wave will stop once it has traversed the heart
3. property of automaticiy-myocaridial cells do not require an external stimulus to beat.
What is meant by inotropic and chronotropic forces?
Inotropic: the force of the contraction
Chronotropic: rate of contractility
The longer the interval between heartbeats, the stronger the contraction required to eject blood. What is this know as?
Interval-strength relationship