ACHD
These VSDs are associated with the prolapse of the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve.
Supracristal and perimembranous (only 10% of perimembranous)
Narrowing this increases lateral resolution.
Beam width
When determining mitral valve area, this method is not influenced by AI or MR.
PISA method
The arteria radicularis magna or great anterior radiculomedullary artery or artery of Adamkiewcz responsible for the majority of the anterior spinal cord blood supply is typically found between these spinal levels.
T9-T12 (although can be as high as T3 and as low as L4)
This type of defect involving a fistulous connection between the left ventricle and right atrium can occur with infective endocarditis.
Gerbode defect
This VSD is the most common.
Perimembranous/membranous (70%); muscular VSD is 2nd most common (20%)
This type of intensity is most important for the thermal bioeffects of ultrasound
Spatial peak temporal average intensity
The modified bernoulli equation MUST be used when the velocity proximal to the valve is > ____.
With aortic trauma, injury most commonly occurs at this site.
Bonus: this is the most common traumatic aortic pathology at this site.
Aortic isthmus
Transection
Normal "washing jets" are visualized with bileaflet mechanical valves in the aortic position during this part of the cardiac cycle.
Holodiastolic
This ASD is the most common and is associated with ______.
Ostium secundum ASD, mitral valve prolapse
These 2 properties of the medium determine velocity of ultrasound in the medium
density (lower density = greater velocity), and stiffness (greater stiffness = greater velocity)
The percentage of time the system is emitting the pulse is known as _____.
Duty factor
An RVEF by cardiac MRI of greater than or equal to ____ is considered normal.
45%
For TAVR, severe paravalvular regurgitation is when greater than ___ % of the valve circumference is occupied by regurgitation.
Bonus: moderate and mild?
>30% for severe, 10-30% for moderate, <10% for mild
This is the most common cardiac tumor seen in children, and it is associated with _____.
Rhabdomyosarcoma, tuberous sclerosis
Continuous wave doppler has a ____ bandwidth and a _____ Q factor.
Narrow bandwidth, high Q factor
Although controversial, this has been invoked to explain the higher peak instantaneous gradient measured on echo compared to cath lab peak to peak gradients for aortic stenosis.
Pressure recovery
This is the location most susceptible to a Mallory-Weiss tear from flexion of a TEE probe.
GEJ
> 2.5 (<2.2 suggest a high output state w/NO prosthetic valve stenosis).
This directs fetal blood from the IVC across the foramen ovale.
Eustachian valve
If a 4 MHz sound beam travels 4 cm, this is the attenuation coefficient and amount of attenuation expected at 4 cm in dB.
2 dB/cm and 8 dB
This is the equation for doppler shift
delta f = received frequency - transmitted frequency = v(cosine)theta(2)(transmitted frequency)/c where c = the speed of US in blood/tissue, v = the velocity (of RBCs), theta = the angle between the doppler beam, and the direction of blood flow.
This view best correlates with surgical measurement of the tricuspid valve annulus.
Transgastric RV inflow view
This EOA/BSA is most consistent with severe aortic valve prosthesis stenosis.
0.65 or less (0.65-0.85 moderate)