Valvular Disease
A "hockey stick" appearance of the valve likely indicates what valvular disease?
What is Mitral Stenosis
Where would the moderator band be seen on an echo?
What is the RV Apex
Name TWO characteristics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
What is
-Increased LV wall thickness
-SAM
-Elevated LVOT Gradients
Which two specific mitral valve leaflets are seen in the parasternal long axis view
What is A2 & P2
Which valves are CLOSED during systole?
What are the AV Valves
-Mitral Valve
-Tricuspid Valve
Irregular focal thickening of the aortic valve WITHOUT obstruction to flow is known as
What is Aortic Sclerosis
Name FOUR possible echo findings on a patient with a PE.
What is
-Enlarged RV
-Interventricular Septal Flattening
-McConnell's Sign
-Mid systolic notching of pulmonic valve
-Pulmonary Acceleration Time of <60 m/s
An LV wall thickness of ___ mm in one myocardial segment indicated HCM
Which structure is located in the CENTER of the atrial septum.
Also the most common site for an ASD
What is the Ostium Secundum
Which valves are CLOSED during diastole?
What are the Semilunar Valves
-Aortic Valve
-Pulmonic Valve
Does this criteria show mild, moderate, or severe AS?
Mean Gradient: 20-40mmhg
AVA: 1.0-1.5CM^2
Velocity Ratio: 0.25-0.50
What is Moderate AS
Name THREE characteristics of RV pressure overload on echo
What is
RV dilation
D shaped LV in short axis due to interventricular septal flattening
Dilated IVC
RV Strain
Decreased FAC
Name TWO reasons you should use contrast to better visualize the Left Ventricle
What is
To rule out thrombus
wall motion abnormalities
If you can't see two portions of the wall clearly
Accurate Ejection Fraction
Which Chamber is the most anterior
What is the Right Ventricle
What are THREE possible complications of Prosthetic Valves?
What is
dehiscence
thrombosis
infective endocarditis
valvular regurgitation
This measurement is used to quantify the severity of a regurgitant volume and can only be measured when the color baseline is shifted down.
What is Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)
An RV:LV ratio greater than _____ indicates RV dilation and may suggest elevated pulmonary pressures.
1:1
(Normal ratio is ~0.6:1)
Symptoms of ___________ Cardiomyopathy will only be experienced during exercise.
Hypertrophic
Which chamber of the heart is connected to the aorta?
what is the left ventricle
Name TWO potential artifacts you could possibly see on your echo.
What is
Acoustic Shadowing
Mirror Imaging
Reverberations
Refraction
Side Lobe
A measurement that determines time, already has pressure pre-determined, and is only calculated when MR is present.
What is dP/dt
What is a NORMAL RVSP range (in mmHg)
What is 18-30mmHg
A measure of the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) that's calculated by dividing the volume of blood that flows backward through the mitral valve by the total stroke volume.
Regurgitant Fraction (RF%)
<30 - mild
30-49 - moderate
>50 -severe
Three views visualizing the basal interventricular septum and posterior wall.
What is the PLAX, PSAX, and APICAL 3 CHAMBER
Name the 3 components of the Mitral Regurgitation Jet
What is
1. Flow convergence
2. Vena Contracta
3. Jet Expansion