Vs.
What is the difference between an open system and a closed system?
Open system allows energy and matter to enter and leave it. While Closed system is one that allows only energy (but not matter) to cross the boundary
What is one of the requirements for all living things?
Energy
How much-remaining energy reaches the ground, used to drive photosynthesis?
only 1-2%
Explain where chemosynthetic organisms live?
The cold ocean, hot springs, salty lakes, deep caves, or soil
Why will pyramids of energy only be faced upwards?
These types of pyramids only represent the energy that is transferred through each trophic level
What is the difference between chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?
Chemosynthesis are organisms that live in areas without light that cannot perform photosynthesis. Like bacteria. Photosynthesis are organisms that have sunlight to produce their energy to carry out photosynthesis like plants
What organisms carry out photosynthesis?
Plants, algae, and some bacteria
How are organisms classified?
Through taxonomy
Explain why heat is lost to the surroundings with each energy conversion of a system...
When one animal eats another, only a part of the energy from the food gets transferred to the next level as it is being used for movement, heat, and growth, so by the time you get to the top predators, there's way less energy available (only 10% is left and 90% is being used).
Whats the difference between Lamarck's and Darwin's points?
Lamarck: believed in inheritance of acquired traits
Darwin: focused on natural selection through evolution
What's the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Autotrophs produce their own food, when heterotrophs have to rely on others to get their food
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to another.
How much energy is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds?
19%
Explain the 6 kingdoms...
1. Eubacteria (prokaryotic, everywhere, autotroph or hetertroph)
2. Archaebacteria (prokaryotic, extreme environment, heterotroph)
3. Protistia (eukaryotic, most-single celled, autotroph/heterotroph)
4. Fungi (eukaryotic, most multi-cellular, heterotroph)
5. Plante (eukaryotic, multi-cellular, don't move, autotroph)
6. Animalia (eukaryotic, multi-cellular, move, heterotrophs)
Why can pyramids of biomass and numbers sometimes be inverted?
Due to certain situations within ecosystems where they then lose their ability to accurately represent the passage of energy from one trophic level to the next.
Whats the difference between a food chain and a food web?
Food chain shows a linear pathway through which energy moves through ecosystems while food webs shows connections between different food chains.
What's the difference between inter and intra-specific competition?
inter: different species are competing for the same resources, like food or space
intra: individuals of the same species going up against each other for things like mates or territory
How is allopatric speciation different from sympatric?
Allopatric: Geographical/ physical seperation
Sympatric: Biological/behavioural isolation
Explain the levels of consumers (4)
1. Primary: They are herbivores, they eat producers like deer
2. Secondary Consumers: They are carnivores, eat mainly herbivores like coyates
3. Tertiary Consumers: Organisms that feed on other carnivores like bears
4. Decomposers: They consume dead matter
What's the difference between Density dependent and density independent
dependant: affect a population based on its size, like competition and disease
independent: impact populations regardless of size, such as natural disasters
What's the difference between an ecosystem and a biosphere?
An ecosystem encompasses all of the living and non-living parts of an environment while a biosphere is the largest possible ecosystem-it encompasses everywhere on earth where living things can be found
Ecological pyramids represent the distribution of energy in an ecosystem. There are 3 types what are they?
1. Pyramid of Numbers: represents the # of organisms that occupy each trophic level
2. Pyramid of Biomass: Mass of living organisms per unit of area which indicates the biomass present at each trophic level
3. Pyramid of Energy: Represents the amount of energy that is transferred through each trophic level
How much energy is reflected from the clouds and atmosphere?
30%
Explain the inverted numbers pyramid...
This inversion occurs when we have a large # of primary consumers feeding on a single producer
Explain the nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen fixation: N2 gas into NH+4
Ammonification: decomposes uses NO-3/NO-2 into NH+4
Nitrification: NH+4 into NO-3/NO-2 for plants and animals
Denitrification: NO-3/NO-2 into N2
human impacts:
acid precipitation
eutrophication