Molecules ->Organelles ->Cells ->tissue -> organ -> individual -> population -> community...
100
What is ecology?
The study of interactions between organisms and the environment (oikos= home, logos= to study)
100
What is the law of the minimum?
Biological processes can only go as fast as the limiting factor. (Justus Von Liebig). This law also includes maximum amounts/limits of materials/resources, such as if an abundance can cause harm (Though this statement, Blackman broaden the law of minimum)
100
What forms of proxy data is used to evaluate the increase in the earth's temperature?
-coral, Calcium carbonate skeleton
-tree rings
-sediment (ocean floor)
-pollen (species specific, fossilizes well)
-Ice cores (isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen)
-historical records (farmer logs, newspaper, diaries)
100
What is acclimation?
It is an environmentally-induced variation.
200
What makes a good hypothesis?
Testable, Measurable/observable, based in facts/previous findings, falsifiable
200
What is phylogeny?
A composed set of evolutionary relationships.
200
what is the law of tolerance?
(Shelford's expansion on law of minimum) *time period/when the materials are high or low impacts growth or survival of an organism. (ex: winter tends to be more critical time for food)
200
What is the greenhouse gas effect?
Long wavelengths with low energy that travel to the earths surface get trapped due to gases, such as excess CO2 and CFC (chloroflourocarbons)
200
What is convergent evolution?
It is when a similar environment selects for similar traits/adaptations in organisms that evolved separate from each other.
300
What is induction versus deduction?
Induction is a specific observation to a general statement. Deduction is a general statement that is studied and leads to a specific outcome.
-range sizes are not consistent across factors
-ranges of tolerance often are correlated positively with distribution
-Factors interact to affect tolerance ranges
-organisms are often not found at optimum in nature.
-young usually have more narrow range of tolerance than adults
300
What is the difference between smog and ozone?
The ozone is at the atmospheric layer, while smog is close to the surface of earth, and smog affects human health negatively, while the ozone helps protect the earth from harmful UV rays.
300
What is believed as the reasoning for the long neck adaptation in giraffes?
It used to be believed that long necks would help giraffes feed better and out-compete, but since medium height is better for this, it is now believed that it is an adaptation for males competing for females through necking. It might have started as a feeding adaptation, but the large sizes of necks now supports a reproductive advantage.
400
What is the scientific method?
1. observation
2. Form a question
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5.Test/experiment
6. Evaluate hypothesis (refute, support) 3-5 repeated or continue to step 7
7. Share/ publish
400
What is reductionism?
It is breaking down to the smallest parts to understand the whole. (ex: microbiology)
400
What are the 3 limitations of the law of minimum?
-Steady-state conditions are required for law to apply
-other nutrients/resources must be in excess of what organism needs
-Adding a limited nutrient may increase requirements for other nutrients
400
What are some human activities that can potentially lessen global warming?
-plant trees and reduce deforestation (reducing CO2 levels)
-Reduce emissions of fossil fuels (gas, oil, coal)
-Add phytoplankton to ocean (they are iron-linked and will take in increased CO2 in the ocean)
400
What is an evolutionary adaptation?
A trait that promotes survival and reproduction within a particular environment.
500
What are the properties of life?
cell membrane (cell theory), ability to reproduce, react to stimuli (sense and response), genetic material, produce organic compounds, acquire energy and use it (metabolism), ability to evolve
500
Why is the European corn borer a problem for growing corn in Europe?
The female's oviposition site (where she lays her eggs) are often corn, despite the fact that many other plants will suffice. She is attracted to the odor cue that is used to attract pollinators.
500
What are the prefixes for ranges of tolerance (broad, narrow, low value, medium value, high value)?
Broad = eury-
Narrow = steno-
Low value = oligo-
High value = poly-
Medium value = meso-
(Suffixes:
Temperature = -thermal
Salt = -haline or –saline
Food = -phagic)
500
How has human activities contributed to global warming?
-burning fossil fuels
-the industrial revolution led to increased CO2 emissions
-mass deforestation (trees absorb CO2)
-Use of chemicals (CFCs in refrigerators and ACs) that negatively affect atmosphere (ozone hole, greenhouse gas effect)
500
What is the difference between discontinuous variation and continuous?
Continuous is small, incremental steps of quantitative differences, such as height or length of body parts. Discontinuous is discrete categorical variation of qualitative differences, such as horns versus no horns or wrinkled versus round/smooth seeds.