Physical Development
The average age of menarche for girls.
What is 12–13 years old?
Baumrind’s parenting style that combines high warmth with high expectations.
What is authoritative parenting?
According to Erikson, the main developmental crisis of adolescence.
What is identity versus role confusion?
This psychologist developed a stage theory of moral reasoning based on dilemmas.
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
Teachers can reduce cheating by focusing less on grades and more on this.
What is learning?
By age 5, about 90% of children show this hand preference.
What is right-handedness?
This attachment style makes a child more confident to explore the world.
What is secure attachment?
James Marcia’s identity status where a person explores options but hasn’t made a commitment.
What is moratorium?
Stage in Kohlberg’s theory where moral decisions are based on obeying laws and rules.
What is the law and order orientation (Stage 4)?
One quality students want most in their teachers.
What is caring or supportive relationships?
Early-maturing girls are at higher risk for these emotional difficulties.
What are depression, anxiety, and lower school achievement?
Divorce tends to be most difficult for children during this period.
What are the first 2–4 years after the divorce?
Young children often have this type of self-concept, which tends to be overly optimistic.
What is a positive or optimistic self-concept?
Carol Gilligan emphasized an “ethic of care” in contrast to this.
What is Kohlberg’s justice orientation?
This type of aggression involves harming social relationships rather than physical attacks.
What is relational aggression?
This type of play is most common in preschoolers and involves make-believe or pretend scenarios.
What is symbolic play?
A family structure that includes parents, siblings, and extended relatives under one roof.
What is an extended family?
Racial and ethnic pride in children is linked to this outcome.
What is higher academic achievement and self-esteem?
According to Nucci, moral issues deal with justice and welfare, while these deal with agreed-upon rules.
What are social conventions?
Daily recess of at least this length helps students behave better in class.
What is 15 minutes?
Name one way teachers can address physical differences in the classroom.
What is varying sports/games, seating smaller students where they can see, or accommodating left-handedness?
Teachers are legally required to do this if they suspect child abuse.
What is mandated reporting?
The difference between self-concept and self-esteem.
What is self-concept is beliefs about oneself, while self-esteem is the value placed on those beliefs?
Jonathan Haidt’s model argues this comes before moral reasoning.
What is intuition?
The five dimensions of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL).
What are self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making?