Crummell
When and where was Alexander Crummell born?
Crummell was born as a free person in New York City in 1819.
When and where was Frederick Douglass born and under what circumstances?
Douglass was bo9rn enslaved in Maryland in 1818
Douglass is described as more liberal than Crummell who was described as conservative.
What were two of Douglass' core beliefs?
Core Beliefs
How did Douglass understand individual freedom and self-determination? (How did he describe this?)
Individual as Master of Destiny
-Remove all social impediments to individual's full use of powers. Those with honesty, enterprise, sobriety would rise.
When and where did Crummell and Douglass first meet?
The two men met as early as the 1840s at the "Negro Convention" in Troy, New York
What was Crummell's profession?
Episcopal clergyman and missionary
Douglass escaped to freedom and became what?
He scaped to freedom and became renowned orator; Editor in Rochester until 1872
What did Crummell promote in Liberia?
Liberia as a missionary-educator, promoting "black civilization" based on Protestantism, English language, and free trade.
How is Douglass' intellectual tradition described and what did it comprise?
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass and Alexander Crummell both died in which decade?
1890s
Which college did Crummell address in 1885?
Storer College
In which New York city was Frederick Douglass buried?
Rochester
What did Douglass view as the fundamental problem in the United States?
Race and color were not the fundamental problem; race prejudice was merely a reflection of greed and desire for power. Eliminate slavery and economic exploitation, and the "artificial barrier" of color prejudice would give away "before interest and enlightenment."
How is Crummell's intellectual tradition described?
Alexander Crummell
Who eulogized both men, admiring Douglass as "our Moses" and revering Crummell as a prophet?
Du Bois
What did Crummell promote in Liberia?
Black civilization
What did Douglass view as the fundamental problem?
Greed and desire for power
What was influential in Douglass' intellectual development?
Influential in Douglass' intellectual development were the liberal abolitionist reformers. "I have often been asked," Douglass remarked, "where I got my education. I have answered, from Massachusetts Abolition University,
What did Crummell's Strategy for Black Advancement include?
Crummell saw them a "we the children of Africa in this land." Crummell's concept of peoplehood was moral and cultural rather than narrowly political: the regeneration of the black family, the promotion of excellence through education, and the inculcation of the dignity of work, creating a "talented tenth" to lead race advancement
Together they would be productive of "a grand moral revolution.
What institution does Crummell found in 1897?
American Negro Academy
Crummell's vision for scholar-philanthropist leadership
In what church was Crummell raised?
St. Philip's Episcopal Church
What did Douglass say he was in 1862?
"I am an American citizen. In birth, in sentiment, in ideas, in hopes, in aspirations, and in responsibilities, I am an American citizen."
Crummell's world view was grounded in what?
Organic World-View
Grounded in Christian faith.
What did Douglass argue was the "essential lever" for the Black man?
"That man who would advise the black man to make no effort to distinguish himself in politics, will advise him to omit one of the most important levers that can be employed to elevate his race."
According to Wilson J. Moses, what were the two Black intellectual traditions that emerged in the nineteenth century?
Equalitarian radical or liberal tradition and a nationalist or conservative tradition, whose most influential representatives were respectively Douglass and Crummell.