Common Themes
_____ is a discipline that involves understanding the processes of teaching and learning and how to optimize them.
Educational Psychology
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic: Motivated towards task/activity for its own sake or for personal reward.
Extrinsic: Motivated towards task/activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment
BF Skinner is to ________, as Ivan Pavlov is to ________.
Operant conditioning; Classical conditioning
True or False: Piaget proposed that cognition developed through distinct stages from birth through the end of adolescence. He suggested that each stage can be skipped depending on external factors.
False
The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were not developed by state governments, but may be adopted by each state. The CCSS could be best described as what?
National standards
True or False: Teaching today is different from the past because there is increased diversity in the classroom, increased instructional technology in the classroom, and greater accountability in education.
True
What is vicarious reinforcement?
The process of learning a behavior by watching another person's actions and observing that they are rewarded for them.
What is extinction?
Fading/disappearance of behavior
What are the two processes involved in adaptation?
Assimilation and accommodation
What is inquiry-based learning?
An approach in which students solve problems presented by students or the teacher by gathering information and testing their hypotheses (individual or group-based)
What does FAPE guarantee?
Free Appropriate Public Education for individuals with disabilities.
True or False: Erikson proposed eight psychosocial crises of development and suggested that each crisis consists of a dilemma or choice that carries both advantages and risks, but the resolution of the crises does not help create an individual’s developing personality.
False
What is negative reinforcement?
Increasing a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus
(e.g., In order to stop your dad from pestering you about it, you take out the trash every week).
True or false: According to Vygotsky, a child's cultural development is co-constructed through learning and shared experiences.
True
What is the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?
Algorithm: Step-by-step process for achieving goals or solving problems; Right answer is guaranteed.
Heuristic: Mental shortcut; general strategy that might lead to the right answer; “Rule of thumb"; Right answer is not guaranteed
Give an example of a strong negative correlation
Negative correlation: X ↑ Y ↓
Closer to 1 or -1, the stronger the relationship.
Jon is a student in the second grade and his teacher and him get along very well. Jon’s parents, however, do not have much trust in his teacher and often blame her when he has trouble on an assignment. According to Bronfenbrenner, which system involves the relationship between Jon’s parents and his teacher?
Mesosystem
Individual naturally exhibits a behavior.
Reinforcement/?punishment is given.
Behavior increases/decreases as a result of the reinforcement/?punishment.
Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?
About 20 seconds
What is functional fixedness?
Inability to use objects or tools in a new way/ tendency to think of only familiar uses for objects
Describe Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Suggests that it is “important to diversify in order to honor and respond to diversity in students’ talents and abilities.”
What is triarchic reciprocal causality?
In Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events, and behaviors.
What is a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
The number of responses between reinforcements is different each time.
According to Piaget, the process of searching for a balance between cognitive schemas and environmental information is called...
Cognitive equilibrium
Principals of constructivist learning include:
Learners being active in constructing their own knowledge and social interactions.