Learning & Memory
An individual's belief that brain and intelligence can be developed and that success is dependent on the amount of effort applied.
What is Growth Mindset?
The unsuccessful search for information that we may be desperately trying to retrieve.
What is Blocking?
When readers gain information about a reading passage or section in a textbook and relate the information to something they already know, allowing them to be better able to understand the incoming information.
What is The Importance of Prior Knowledge?
If you have trouble concentrating in class, this is a "before class" strategy that you can use to help you during class.
What is Sitting Towards the Front of the Room?
Integration of meaningful knowledge into long-term memory through adding detail, summarizing, creating examples, and analogies.
What are Elaboration Strategies?
This is the part of the information processing system that holds information for long periods.
What is Long-Term Memory?
When we change previous experiences based on what we now feel rather than what happened in the past.
What is Bias?
These are 3 strategies for before reading texts to help you better comprehend what you are about to read.
What are:
(1) Previewing the book for learning aids
(2) Surveying the assignment before each reading session
(3) Reading questions provided by the book, study guides, or your instructors
This is an after class note making strategy that involves generating a question that reflects the information in the notes.
What is a Mirror Question?
The phenomenon that when information is retrieved from memory such as via self-testing and quizzes, one's memory of the retrieved information is strengthened.
What is Testing Effect?
Grouping of data so that a greater amount of information may be retained in working memory.
What is Chunking?
When we remember something that we would prefer to omit/erase from our memory.
What is Persistence?
These are 3 strategies for after reading texts to help you better remember what you just read.
What are:
(1) Answering out loud the questions that you generated from the headings in your book
(2) After you have underlined material, go back and see if what you underlined provides clues or answers to your questions
(3) Consider summarizing, outlining, or representing the material
The active and meaningful engagement with class notes by elaborative strategies such as creating mirror questions and summary questions.
What is Note Making?
The process of transferring working memory to long-term memory.
What is Encoding?
The process of repeating information over and over in working memory to retain it.
Due to a weakening of memory over time, this is a situation when individuals fail to remember a fact or idea.
What is Transience?
These are 4 types of representations that can help learners understand relationships.
What are Hierarchies, Sequences, Matrices, and Diagrams?
A note making strategy done after class where an individual creates a question that reflects the major theme or main ideas of the total class.
What is a Summary Question?
These type of questions require you to APPLY the information that you learned to a new situation, ANALYZE information, EVALUATE the value of the information, or CREATE a novel plan or solution (examples are Why...? How...? What if...?)
What are Higher Order Questions?
Learning is divided into short and frequent study sessions over a long period of time.
What is Distributed Practice?
When a memory is assigned to the wrong source, such as incorrectly remembering that someone told you something that you actually read about in a newspaper.
What is Misattribution?
These are 3 strategies to use while reading texts to help you better comprehend what you are reading.
What are:
(1) Thining of the test as a conversation between the author and yourself thinking "what is the author trying to tell me?"
(2) Turning the headings into questions and answering them
(3) Underling the answers to your questions and annotating the textbook.
These are strategies to use when the professor talks faster than the student can write.
What are paraphrasing and using abbreviations?
These types of questions involve responses regarding FACTS, DATES, TERMS, or LISTS (examples begin with Who...? What....? When....? Where....?).
What are Lower Order Questions?