Foundations and Differences
This describes a correlation where both variables move in the same direction (both increase or both decrease).
What is a positive correlation?
This is the process of weakening a conditioned response by stopping the reinforcement or association.
What is extinction?
Piaget's term for incorporating new experiences into an existing mental framework, or schema.
What is assimilation?
This motivation is driven by interest or enjoyment of the task itself, rather than external rewards.
What is intrinsic motivation?
This is the level of moral development where moral choices are based on seeking approval from others or maintaining social order.
What is conventional moral development?
This is the legally mandated acronym that stands for Free Appropriate Public Education.
What is FAPE?
In this type of conditioning, behavior is learned through consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
What is operant conditioning?
This theory suggests that development happens in discrete, distinct, and separate stages, like Piaget's stages.
What is discontinuous development?
The three factors that interact to cause behavior in Bandura's Triarchic Reciprocal Causality are: environment, behavior, and this third factor.
What are personal factors (or cognitive/internal factors)?
This is a systematic, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem.
What is an algorithm?
This is the term for the knowledge, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group.
What is culture?
This consequence involves removing an undesirable stimulus to increase the future frequency of a behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
According to Vygotsky, this is the range of tasks a child can perform with help but cannot yet perform alone.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The difference between self-efficacy (belief in ability to succeed at a task) and this term (one's overall value judgement of oneself).
What is self-esteem?
This teaching method, which includes labs and field work, encourages students to actively explore and investigate questions.
What is inquiry-based teaching?
A correlation coefficient that is numerically closest to -1.00 or +1.00 is considered to have this quality.
What is a strong correlation?
This schedule of reinforcement, often used in gambling, is most resistant to extinction because the reward is unpredictable.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
The memory store that has a very large capacity but can only hold information for a matter of seconds.
What is sensory memory?
These goals align with intrinsic motivation and focus on personal improvement and understanding of the material.
What are mastery goals?
In Kohlberg's theory, the stage of moral reasoning characterized by abstract ethical principles and justice, like the idea of a social contract.
What is postconventional moral development?
This theorist is known for proposing that intelligence is made up of several distinct abilities, such as spatial, musical, and bodily-kinesthetic.
Who is Gardner?
Both B.F. Skinner and this Russian physiologist are credited as key figures in the study of behavior, with the latter focusing on reflex-based learning.
Who is Pavlov?
The debate between Vygotsky (social/cultural) and Piaget (individual stages) highlights the tension between this paired set of influences on development.
What is nature vs. nurture?
In Bandura's social cognitive theory, this term refers to the idea that a learner can be reinforced by seeing a model receive a reward.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
These learning standards, adopted by most U.S. states, outline what K-12 students should know and be able to do in Math and English Language Arts.
What are the Common Core standards?