CHAPTER 6
People receive and process information differently; therefore, some learn better from visual materials, and others learn better from written text or auditory material. [True or False]
FALSE (p. 131-132). People have learning preferences, but research shows that people do not learn better when the manner of instruction fits those preferences.
A person's IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is set at birth because the brain is hardwired due to genetics [True or False].
FALSE (P. 165-166). A person's IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is set at birth because the brain is hardwired due to genetics.
The brain is a muscle, so doing hard work increases a person's learning and memory (True or False).
FALSE (p. 178). The brain is not a muscle.
_______________ is created when students reread their notes and textbook because they feel as if they are spending time learning and it misleads them because the content seems familiar.
FLUENCY ILLUSION is created when students reread their notes and textbook because they feel as if they are spending time learning and it misleads them because the content seems familiar (p. 202).
___________________ is the practice of studying more than one type of problem at a time so that you are alternating between different problems that call for different solutions.
INTERLEAVE STUDYING is the practice of studying more than one type of problem at a time so that you are alternating between different problems that call for different solutions (p. 205).
_____________ is the ability to reason, see relationships, think abstractly, and hold information in mind while working on a problem. ___________ is one's accumulated knowledge of the world and the procedures or mental models one developed from past learning and experience [Two different answers and need both answers to get the points].
FLUID INTELLIGENCE is the ability to reason, see relationships, think abstractly, and hold information in mind while working on a problem. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE is one's accumulated knowledge of the world and the procedures or mental models one developed from past learning and experience (p. 146-147).
______________ are mental tools that can take many forms but generally are used to help hold a large volume of new material in memory, cued for ready recall.
MNEMONIC DEVICES are mental tools that can take many forms but generally are used to help hold a large volume of new material in memory, cued for ready recall (p. 163).
Studies by ________________ show how big an impact conviction can have on learning and performance; the belief that your level of intellectual ability is not fixed but rests to a large degree in our own hands.
Studies by CAROL DWECK show how big an impact conviction can have on learning and performance; the belief that your level of intellectual ability is not fixed but rests to a large degree in our own hands (p. 179).
Give students two examples of how to do retrieval practice.
Give students two examples of how to do retrieval practice (p. 201-203).
(1) Pause periodically to ask yourself questions without looking in the text.
(2) Answer study questions at the end of the chapter without looking in the text.
(3) Quiz yourself an then check your answers.
______________ is the process of finding additional layers of meaning in new material.
ELABORATION is the process of finding additional layers of meaning in new material (p. 207).
________________ is more common in prison inmates than the general population as a result of children having a pattern of failure in school and developing low self-esteem.
DYSLEXIA is more common in prison inmates than the general population as a result of children having a pattern of failure in school and developing low self-esteem (p. 142).
We are born with 100 billion nerve cells called neurons. A ________________ is a connection between neurons, enabling them to pass signals.
We are born with 100 billion nerve cells called neurons. A SYNAPSE is a connection between neurons, enabling them to pass signals (P. 166).
__________________ is the belief that intelligence is within a person's control; therefore, efforts at learning can make a difference. ____________ is the belief that intellectual ability is set at birth by the natural talents that a person is born with; therefore, some people are just smarter in certain areas than others (Need two different answers to get points).
GROWTH MINDSET is the belief that intelligence is within a person's control; therefore, efforts at learning can make a difference. FIXED MINDSET is the belief that intellectual ability is set at birth by the natural talents that a person is born with; therefore, some people are just smarter in certain areas than others. (p. 179-180).
_________________ is the practice of studying information more than once but leaving considerable time between practice sessions.
SPACED PRACTICE is the practice of studying information more than once but leaving considerable time between practice sessions (p. 203).
___________ is the attempt to answer a question or solve a problem before being shown the answer or solution.
GENERATION is the attempt to answer a question or solve a problem before being shown the answer or solution (p. 208).
Two of the skills that are near the top of the list that matter most for learning are _____________ and _______________ (two different answers).
Two of the skills that are near the top of the list that matter most for learning are LANGUAGE FLUENCY and READING ABILITY (p. 141).
The thickness of the _______________ coating correlates with ability, and research strongly suggests that increased practice builds greater __________________ along the related pathways, improving the strength and speed of the electrical signals, and as a result, performance (Same answer for both spots).
The thickness of the MYELIN coating correlates with ability, and research strongly suggests that increased practice builds greater MYELIN along the related pathways, improving the strength and speed of the electrical signals, and as a result, performance (p. 171).
Dweck, Tough, and others argue that success is less dependent on IQ, and more dependent on _________________, _________________, and __________________ (must get 2 of the 3 answers).
Dweck, Tough, and others argue that success is less dependent on IQ, and more dependent on GRIT, CURIOSITY, and PERSISTENCE (must get 2 of the 3 answers) (p. 182-183).
What are the top three study strategies you would suggest for students?
What are the top three study strategies you would suggest for students?
(1) Retrieval practice,
(2) Space out your retrieval practice,
(3) Interleave the study of different problem types (p. 201-206).
__________________ is the act of taking a few minutes to review what has been learned in a recent class or experience and asking yourself questions. ____________ the act of aligning your judgments of what you know and don't know with objective feedback so as to avoid the illusion of mastery (two different answers required).
REFLECTION is the act of taking a few minutes to review what has been learned in a recent class or experience and asking yourself questions. CALIBRATION the act of aligning your judgments of what you know and don't know with objective feedback so as to avoid the illusion of mastery (two different answers required) (p. 209-210).
People who as a matter of habit extract underlying principles from new experiences are more successful learners than those who take their experiences at face value. These behaviors are what psychologists call ______________________ or ______________________ (need one for points).
People who as a matter of habit extract underlying principles from new experiences are more successful learners than those who take their experiences at face value. These behaviors are what psychologists call RULE LEARNING or STRUCTURE BUILDING (p. 133, p. 153-154).
What are some ways to raise the IQ of young children per a 2013 research study? (Must list 2 of 3 ways).
What are some ways to raise the IQ of young children per a 2013 research study? (Must list 2 of 3 ways). (1) GOOD NUTRITION, (2) ENROLLING POOR CHILDREN IN EARLY EDUCATION, and (3) GIVING MOTHERS IN LOW-INCOME HOMES THE MEANS TO PROVIDE CHILDREN WITH EDUCATIONAL TOOLS (p. 174-175).
Stellar performances by an expert are not a result of natural talent, but from ______________, which usually isn't enjoyable and often requires a coach/instructor to help identify areas of performance that need to be improved.
Stellar performances by an expert are not a result of natural talent, but from DELIBERATE PRACTICE, which usually isn't enjoyable and often requires a coach/instructor to help identify areas of performance that need to be improved (p. 183-184)
Give two examples of how to elaborate on learning.
Give two examples of how to elaborate on learning.
(1) Relating the material to what you already know.
(2) Explaining it to somebody else in your own words.
(3) Explaining how it relates to your life outside class (p. 207).
What are two tips you would give teachers to design classes to help students become stronger learners?
What are two tips you would give teachers to design classes to help students become stronger learners?
(1) Explain to students how learning works.
(2) Teach students how to study.
(3) Create desirable difficulties in class (p. 225-228).