Models/Approaches
Difference between the top-down and bottom-up approach?
Bottom-up - children start from the bottom and work their way up. E.g., first they learn the names and shapes of letters, then they move on to sounds and so forth.
Top-down - children start at the top and work downward. E.g., using previous knowledge and context clues to pursue tasks.
What are some examples of self-evaluation?
Questionnaires, Self-report checklists, Exit Slips, Portfolios
What are two most troublesome letters to learn?
C & G.
What is fluency?
Automaticity towards reading.
What is the best way for children to learn? Think simple.
By reading :)
What are the two stances towards reading?
Efferent stance - focus is on obtaining information
Aesthetic stance - reader pays attention to the associations, feelings and ideas that the words evoke
What is explicit teaching?
I do it, we do it, you do it.
What are the vowels?
a, e, i, o, u, sometimes y
By age 3 what should be a child's speaking vocabulary? What about in Kindergarten?
1,000 words & 5,000 words
What are the five ways words are read?
Prediction, Sounding out, Read by analogy, Chunked/Syllabic, Recognition/Sight Words
What is an interactionist approach?
Both top-down and bottom-up processes are used. Students are active learners as they employ strategies to acquire facts, skills, and concepts.
What is the difference between a formative and summative assessment?
Formative assessments are ongoing and used to inform instruction, takes place during the learning.
Summative assessments are used to summarize students' progress at the end of the unit or semester. Occurs after learning has taken place.
How many consonant sounds are there?
25.
What are the 5 components of language?
Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Prosody, Pragmatics
What is choral reading?
A form of interactive book reading where students form groups and develop understanding with each other.
Orthographic, Phonological, Meaning and Context. Pg. 10
What is reliability and validity in assessment?
Reliability - a measure of consistency, e.g., if the same test were given to the same students a number of times, the results should be the same.
Validity - means a test measures what it measures, e.g., the objectives of the program should be close to a test's objectives.
What are the main skills developed in phonological awareness?
Rhyming, Blending, Segmenting
What is modification in reading?
Modifying the language to make it more accessible. Includes speaking more slowly, emphasizing the pronunciation of key words, using shorter sentences, simplifying the syntax, use gestures along with words. Be repetitious.
Why is being read to so important?
What are the three cueing systems in Goodman's model?
Semantic, Syntactic, Graphophonic. Pg. 7
What are the levels of IRI (Informal Reading Inventory)?
Independent, Instructional, Frustration, Listening Capacity. Pg. 65
What are the forms of emergent writing?
Drawing, Scribbling, Letter-like forms, Copying, Invented spelling, Conventional Spelling
What are the spelling stages?
Prealphabetic (prephonemic) stage, Alphabetic (letter name) stage, Consolidated Alphabetic stage
What are the steps in speech-to-print?
Phonemic Awareness, Letter-sound integration, Guided Practice, Guided Spelling, Evaluation and Review