Week 1
Name the four main domains of human development
Physical - cognitive - social - emotional
Which theory is Bronfenbrenner associated with?
Bioecological
The earliest sense to develop is
Touch
Which physical sense is usually the last to develop?
Sight
Lebron is in his late 40s (middle adulthood). Which crisis is he most likely gonna face?
Generativity v Stagnation
Which perspective focuses on the influence of trauma on development?
Adversity Perspective
What's the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? (genetics)
Geno = set of genes that it carries
Pheno = all of its observable characteristics
What crisis do most people face during adolescence? (Erikson)
Identity v Role Confusion
Name the four main influences on human development
History graded influences + Socio-cultural influences + Age-grade influences + Non-normative influences
Explain the main ideas of Erikson's psychosocial theory
Each stage of development has a unique developmental task or crisis that has to be resolved.
Crises or challenges must be resolved at each stage in order for optimum development and progress to occur.
What is a teratogen? Name one example of it
an environmental agent such as drug, chemical, virus or other factor that produces a birth defect.
Alcohol, smoking, vaping, drugs, work, exposure to hazardous chemicals/ infectious diseases, severe maternal stress, pollution
What are the three main perspectives used to study human development?
Lifespan Perspective
Adversity Perspective
Cultural Developmental Perspective
Explain the link between human development and learning
Learning new things leads to cognitive growth + Cognitive growth and brain development enable people to understand and think in more complex ways
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
the gap/distance between what a person is able to do alone and what a person can achieve with help from more skilled others (Arnett et al., 2023, p.186 - 187)
Name a feature of the Te Ao Māori birthing process
Afterbirth is stored and then returned to their turanga waewae, binding the child to the land, protecting baby’s tapu and mana. (Eruera & Ruwhiu, 2015)
Why are cultural models important? (Te Whare Tapa Wha, Te Wheke, Te Poutama and Fono Fale Model)
>They are holistic
Behaviour and development can be best
understood within the cultural context
(beliefs, values, practices), areas of
development are interconnected (including
spirituality) and need to be balanced
Explain why using a cultural developmental perspective is important when studying human development (Why can't we just rely on a lifespan/adversity perspective
>Humans always develop within a culture
>We need to study development in diverse cultures
>Cultures are changing rapidly and cultural identity is becoming more complex
What is operant conditioning and give an example
Behaviour that is reinforced tends to be repeated
Eg - rat in a box with lever
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, and extinction.
List the five subtests that the Apgar Scale measures
–Appearance (colour)
–Pulse (heart rate)
–Grimace (reflex irritability)
–Activity (muscle tone)
–Respiration (breathing)
Name all stages of Erikson's psychosocial development theory and their crises/challenges
Infancy: Trust v Mistrust
Toddlerhood: Autonomy v Shame
EC: Initiative v Guilt
MC: Industry v Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity v Role Confusion
EA: Intimacy v Isolation
MA: Generativity v Stagnation
LA: Ego integrity v Despair