Learning/Teaching
Memory
Reinforcements
Theories
Key Terms
100

What key components are required for learning?

Changes acquired through learning experiences that leave a long-lasting mark on learners.

100

What are the two types of rehearsal and which type of memory do they produce?

Maintenance rehearsal (repetition) maintains data in STM and elaborative rehearsal (meaningfulness, organization, activity, and mnemonics) move encoded data from Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory.

100

Joe listens to music because he likes how it relaxes him, and finds he is listening to music more now than he used to. His music listening behavior is controlled by what type of reinforcement?

Positive Reinforcement

100

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory posits what?

*posit - to assume or put forward as fact 

  • Direct reinforcement of the learner is not necessary
    for learning to occur (vicarious learning)
  • Cognitive processes are integrated in behavior (e.g., rational encoding and mental representation of observed behaviors).
  • Learning includes reciprocal relationship with the learner and the environment.
100

Explicit (Declarative) Memory is:

  • Processed in hippocampus
  • Memory of facts and general knowledge
  • Memory of personally experienced events
  • Memory that can be consciously recalled
200

What is teaching?

the systematic planning and effective execution of educational experiences that result in enduring changes

200

What are the four components required for memory?

Memory involves getting information, such as perceptions, feelings, or thoughts, into the brain (encoding), retaining that information (storage), and being able to pull it out later (retrieval).

200

Katie is a type 2 diabetic that loves Andy's frozen custard, but notices she feels terrible after she eats it. If she stops eating Andy's, what is her behavior being controlled by?

Negative Reinforcement 

200

Bandura believed there are three types of modeling:

_____ is observed in person; ______ is presented in a book, character, play, television, Bible, etc.; and _____ where learners combine portions of observed acts.

  • direct modeling, symbolic modeling, synthesis modeling
200

Classical conditioning 

association or bond between a stimulus and a given response; The process of learning in which one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus.

300

Teachers secure better performance from their students when they:

  • Focus student attention on the targeted classroom behaviors to be learned
  • Model general academic skills, such as problem solving and critical thinking skills
  • Model specific skills by step-by-step demonstration
  • Model personal traits such as values and beliefs
300

Hermann Ebbinghaus & The Retention (Forgetting) Curve studies taught us:

  • The more times he rehearsed the list on day one, the less time it took to memorize the list on day two.
  • We retain more when our learning involves more time and repetition.
  • This result applies to learning completely novel and meaningless information.
  • Learning meaningful information would take 1/10th the effort.
300

Primary Reinforcers are

naturally reinforcing and are linked to human needs or drives.

300

What are the four components of the social learning process?

  • Attention, retention, production, motivation
300

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Unlearned reaction to UCS occurring without prior conditioning; a reflex

400

Behaviors that are _____ will be strengthened.

reinforced 

400

In Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory:

  • Retention is independent of conscious recollection
  • Processed by cerebellum and other brain areas
  • Motor and cognitive skills
400

What are the different types of reinforcement schedules?

  • Fixed Interval
  • Fixed Ratio
  • Variable Interval
  • Variable Ratio

*Be able to apply these!

400

According to Skinner, behaviors must be _______ in order to be learned

According to Skinner, behaviors must be emitted and then reinforced in order to be learned.

400

Automatic processing

The unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned information.

500

What are the key elements of teaching that promote students' positive engagement? 

  • Facilitating attention in a positive and meaningful way can help overcome the effects of a negative experience.
  • Teaching in a variety of ways using organization and activities in your methods is important.
  • Too much new information is overwhelming and decreases student outcomes. Help overlearning basic information and operations so they can be performed more easily and change the presentation styles to help students process information more efficiently.
500

What is memory?

Learning that has persisted over time; information that has been stored over time and can be retrieved over time.

500

a way of learning that allows individuals to learn from the experience of others. Praising one student for their good question encourages everyone to ask good questions...

Vicarious reinforcement, or vicarious learning

500

Social Cognitive Theory

Distinguishes between acquisition of knowledge (learning) and observable performances of behavior.

500

Shaping is

reinforcing a series of responses that increasingly resemble the desired terminal behavior.

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