History
Who were the first long-distance ocean explorers (and when?)
The Polynesians
~4500 to 2500 BC
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons an element has
What are the 3 types of bonds in water?
Ionic – electrons are gained or lost
Covalent – electrons are shared
Hydrogen – intermolecular bond of H w/ an electronegative atom.
What evidence supported contiental drift?
Fit of Continents
Matching Mountain Sequences
Evidence of Glacier Distribution
Fossil Distribution of Organisms
Name a few methods of early navigation (6 total)
Reflection of islands in the clouds.
Followed birds dawn/dusk patterns
Stars
Swells
Stick charts
Smell of the water
What did Eratosthenes invent (and when?)
The study of
geography and an early system
of latitude and longitude
-calculated the tilt of the Earth’s axis & its circumference
~ 276-195 BC
What is atomic weight?
Average mass of atoms of
an element, calculated using the relative
abundance of isotopes in a naturally
occurring element.
Where are Hydrogen Bonds weaker?
Where are Covalent bonds stronger?
Between water molecules
Within water molecules
What about the original continental drift hypothesis was incorrect? (and why were they wrong)
Continents “plow” through the ocean basins.
→ Calculations showed this to be incorrect.
Continents moved because of gravitational attraction of
equator and sun/moon.
→ Gravitational forces are too small.
How many oceans are there? (Bonus points to name them)
5 modern day named oceans
-Atlantic, Pacific, Artic, Indian
What did Greek astronomer Ptolemy make? (and when?)
One of the first known world map with latitude and longitude lines
AD ~150
What is an isotope
Atoms with the same number of
protons but different number of neutrons.
What must be added or removed to change the form of matter
Heat
How does density change as you move further into the Earth? (Bonus: Compare land and ocean)
Each layer is more dense than the next
Ocean crust is thinner, but denser than land crust
What ship travelled the globe in the first great oceanographic expedition (what did it observe?)
the Challenger (1872-1876)
1. Depth
2. sample of the bottom
3. A sample of bottom water for chemical/physical examination.
4. The bottom temperature was recorded
What did Ferdinand Magellan do (and when?)
Lead the first fleet in a voyage around the world (died, but his fleet made it)
1500 AD
What is density?
Mass per unit volume
(g/cm3)
Solvent!
What is the vertical movement of the crust as it floats on denser crust?
What is the ability of crust to "bounce back" after being depressed (usually be sheet ice)
Isostatic Adjustment
Isostatic Rebound
What is the study of Earth's ancient magnetic field? (And what do we use?)
Paleomagnetism
Magnetic dip –
magnetite particles in
sedimentary rocks or
igneous rocks such as
basalt align with
Earth’s magnetic field
What new ocean exploration technology was invented/modernized in 1800 AD
The submarine
Developed the basis for modern submarines
Where did the Ocean come from? (2 answers)
- Outgassing
- Asteroids (maybe ice comets)
Water vapor released by outgassing
• Condensed as rain
• Accumulated in ocean basins
• About 4 billion years ago
What is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water (not including dissolved organic substances)
Salinity
What explains the mountain ridges in the center of ocean basins?
What explains the deep trenches at the edges of ocean basins?
Mid-ocean ridge – diverging plates: spreading center creates new crust and new ocean floor
Subduction zones – converging plates: oceanic trench site where old, cold (dense) plates return to the
mantle
The ratio of ions/elements making up salinity
(Salinity itself can vary)