definitions
Definition of color polymorphism.
Frequent occurrences of members of the same species having two or more different color morphs that are heritable.
On the figures the color blue represents what?
monomorphic
which theory had more evidence behind it?
Ecological speciation
In the Hugall & Stuart-Fox paper, birds with color polymorphism were found to have what difference in speciation rates compared to monomorphic birds?
They had higher speciation rates
In the Schluter paper, Figure 2, what does a higher isolation value near 1 mean?
Stronger reproductive isolation caused by divergent selection
the evolution of reproductive isolation due to divergent natural selection because of differences in the environments of two populations.
Ecological speciation
What do the short vs long branch tip lengths mean?
Short: recent speciation
Long: speciation event happened a while ago
This classic evolutionary biologist first proposed that natural selection could create new species.
Charles Darwin
According to Schluter, reproductive isolation most often arises through which process—ecological or mutation-order speciation?
Ecological speciation.
In figure 1 of the Schluter paper, what two species were pictured?
Mosquito fish and monkey flower
The evolution of reproductive isolation via the fixing of different advantageous mutations in different populations experiencing similar selection pressures.
mutation-order speciation
Which group of birds had the opposite trend from the rest?
Pheasants/Phasianidae
In these small fish, body shape evolved differently depending on whether predators were present — an example of ecological speciation.
Mosquitofish (gambusia hubbsi)
In the Schluter, what did Figure 2 show about the strength of reproductive isolation caused by divergent selection compared to unknown factors?
Isolation from divergent selection was as strong or stronger than isolation caused by unknown factors.
The rate at which species change between color-polymorphic and color-monomorphic.
Transition rate
What family of birds was analyzed to verify if the findings of the first experiment were generalizable?
passerines
Name one challenge scientists face in proving mutation-order speciation in natural populations.
Detecting random genetic changes or showing isolation without environmental differences
The type of natural selection that favors different traits in different environments, driving populations apart.
Divergent selection
Name the proper scientific family name of one of the non-passerine groups analyzed.
Options:
Accipitridae, Striginae/Surniinae, Caprimulgidae, Falconidae, Phasianidae
What does it mean when hybrid fitness is lower than that of either parent?
There is post-zygotic isolation