Review
How many of the 3 parameters (hydrology, hydric soils, hydrophytic vegetation) are needed to classify an area as a wetland according to the Cowardin et al. (1979) USF&WS classification system?
1
How many of the 3 parameters (hydrology, hydric soils, hydrophytic vegetation) are needed in order to delineate an area as a wetland according to the ACoE?
All 3
Until the mid-20th century wetland management often meant what?
DRAINAGE
This Federal Policy passed in the 1850s transferred U.S. Federal government land to states with a stipulation of wetland drainage
Swamp Land Acts
What does a higher mitigation ratio (i.e., 5:1) imply about the difficulty of restoration for a specific wetland type?
The higher the mitigation ratio the more difficult is the restoration or the longer it will take for the site to be restored
What is the oxidation state of C in CO2?
+4
Which ACoE Manual is currently used to guide Wetland Delineation in the U.S.:
1987
1989
1991
None of the above
1987 Manual
The 1993 Mississippi River flood, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, 2005 Hurricane Katrina, showed us what about wetlands?
The damage that can occcur to coasts and floodplains when their wetlands have been converted/destroyed/degraded.
Which is the only Federal Agency with veto power of the ACoE 404 permitting process?
EPA
What is the purpose of a constructed wetland?
A wetland developed for the purpose of contaminant or pollutant removal from wastewater, runoff, or stormwater
What is the oxidation state of N in N2?
0
FWRAP, CRAM & HI HGM are all examples of what?
Wetland Rapid Assessments
What are some characteristics of modern wetland management?
Usually involved setting several mgmt. objectives.
Based on priorities of managers, environmental laws/regulations, & values/concerns of stakeholders.
This Act designated that Federal subsidies will be denied to Farmers in the United States that convert wetlands to agriculture after Jan. 1, 1985? As a result, what did many farmers do in Nov. & Dec. 1984?
1985 Farm Bill, a.k.a. Swampbuster
Many farmers drained & ditched wetlands in Nov. & Dec. of 1984 before the law went into place.
Which wetland of the list below is most amenable to restoration and why:
peat bog
salt marsh
mangrove
floodplain forest
Mangrove. Rapid growth; excellent dispersal (many propagules that survive long periods), resilient to nutrients, SL rise; highly productive; etc.
Munsell soil color is defined by which 3 components?
Hue, Value, Chroma
Name 3 characteristics of wetland rapid assessments
Designed to be done quickly, cheaply, and in the field by teams of evaluators.
Benefits people obtain from wetlands related to spiritual enrichment, recreation, ecotourism, aesthetics, education, & cultural heritage are all considered what general type of Ecosystem Service?
Cultural
In this case, the SCOTUS ruled that the Clean Water Act Section 404 program doesn't just apply to navigable waters but to all waters of the United States
1977-NRDC versus Calloway
Wetlands emit about ____ % of current global CH4 and about half us these come from ________ (type of wetland).
Which type of wetland emits more CH4, freshwater marshes or salt marshes?
20-25% of current global CH4
About half come from rice paddies
Freshwater wetlands emit more CH4
Why is Feb. 2 and important day for Wetlands?
It celebrates World Wetlands Day?
Describe how you would conduct a wetland delineation at a specific site
Set up transects across full site
Test for WTL hydrology indicators, hydric soil indicators, & hydrophytic vegetation at multiple locations along each transect.
Use this data to map boundaries of wetland (places w/ Y, Y, Y for each parameter).
Willingness to pay, replacement value, trave cost, hedonic pricing, and energy analysis are all examples of what type method used with wetlands?
Non-market valuation
In this decision, SCOTUS ruled that isolated wetlands are no longer regulated under Section 404 of the CWA
2023-Sacket versus US EPA
What is/are the greatest climate change threat(s) to coastal wetlands? What is/are the greatest climate change threat(s) to inland freshwater wetlands?
Coastal: Sea Level Rise
Inland: Changes in temperature and precipitation