Rocks and Minerals
Rock formed from extreme heat and pressure
Metamorphic
Two plates sliding past each other
Transform Plate Boundary
Where do you find the oldest layers of rock?
Lowest layer
Where is most of Earth's water stored?
Oceans
Rain and Snow
Precipitation
_______ is molten material within the earth and ________is molten material that has reached the surface
Magma; Lava
Why was the theory of plate tectonics not accepted when first introduced
There wasn't an explanation for how or why plates move
Which soil horizon is most important for growing crops?
A - Horizon
What powers the hydrologic cycle?
59 dg in cg
590 cg
What two processes form sedimentary rock?
Compaction and Cementation
3 cm
Which soil horizon layer is made up of parent material (what the soil first was when it started to form)?
C - horizon
Transpiration
Branch of Earth Science that studies the blanket of air that surrounds Earth
Meteorology
List 3 Characteristics of Minerals
Naturally occurring (cannot be made in a lab)
Cannot be alive (inorganic)
Must have an “orderly crystalline structure”
Must be a solid at room temperature
Must have a definite chemical composition
Where does new crust form?
Divergent plate boundary
The scientific term that means layers of rock
Strata
This occurs when there is a lot of precipitation and the soil is saturated on a hillside
Runoff
Earthquakes, retreating tide, loud rumbling
Warning signs of a Tsunami
Name a type of mining and when it is used
Strip mining- Used when resources occur in shallow, horizontal deposits near the surface
Subsurface mining- Used when resource occurs in concentrated pockets or seams deep underground and ground allows for safe tunneling
Open pit mining- Used when a mineral is distributed widely and evenly throughout a rock formation or when the ground is unsuitable for tunneling
Mountaintop removal- Used primarily for coal mining in Appalachian Mountains
Repeated blasting can eventually remove
Solution mining- chemical solution is pumped into a mine
Placer mining- Used in california during the Gold Rush of 1849 and in Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush
What causes plates to move?
Within the mantle, hot molten material rises to the crust and colder material sinks causing convection currents which provides the energy needed to move tectonic plates
List 3 laws for relative age dating rock layers
Law of Lateral Continuity
Law of Original Horizontality
Law of Inclusions
Law of Cross-Cutting
Law of Superposition
Name 3 sources of pollution in the great lakes
Invasive Species, Excess Nutrients, Microplastics
20% Clay, 40% Silt, 40% Sand
Loam