Major Minerals
This mineral is the most abundant divalent cation in the body.
a. iron
b. calcium
c. selenium
d. iodine
b. calcium
This mineral participates in all aspects of energy metabolism including glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the TCA cycle.
a. calcium
b. iron
c. magnesium
d. sulfur
c. magnesium
This body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid.
a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. total body water
d. glomerular filtrate
b. extracellular
Acid-base balance refers to this.
a. the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day
b. the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in red blood cells
c. the control of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids
d. the minimum level of pH needed for cells to function
c. the control of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids
These vitamins and minerals are required for heme synthesis.
a. vitamin E, vitamin C, and iron
b. folate, B12, and iron
c. copper, zinc, and folate
d. vitamin B6, zinc, and iron
d. vitamin B6, zinc, and iron
Calcitriol can stimulate the absorption of calcium from the intestines by enhancing the synthesis of this substance.
a. calsequestrin
b. calcitonin
c. calbindin
d. PTH
c. calbindin
This mineral's primary function is to bind phosphate groups in ATP and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions.
a. calcium
b. magnesium
c. potassium
d. phosphorus
b. magnesium
This organ system is responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume.
a. hypothalamus and kidney
b. liver and pancreas
c. pancreas and kidney
d. large intestine
a. hypothalamus and kidney
Among the physiological buffers, this one is able to neutralize both acids and bases.
a. bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
b. hydrochloric acid system
c. phosphates
d. proteins
d. proteins
Zinc is important for taste perception as a component of ____.
a. carbonic anhydrase
b. alcohol dehydrogenase
c. gustin
d. metallothionein
c. gustin
This hormone is secreted in response to low plasma calcium concentrations and acts on the kidney to increase synthesis of calcitriol, which promotes renal reabsorption of calcium.
a. calmodulin
b. parathyroid hormone
c. calcitonin
d. calcitriol
b. parathyroid hormone
Deficiency of this major mineral is usually associated with muscular weakness, neuromuscular hyperexcitability, and tetany.
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. chloride
d. phosphorus
a. magnesium
This hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules.
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. aldosterone
c. adrenocortical
d. insulin
b. aldosterone
When a person hyperventilates and blows off CO2, this is the effect on blood pH.
a. lowers it
b. raises it
c. does not alter it significantly
d. delays any changes in it
b. raises it
This mineral interacts with fluoride in such a way as to inhibit absorption.
a. phosphate
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. aluminium
b. calcium
In the renal system, this mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions, releasing sodium ions in the process.
a. sulfur
b. magnesium
c. calcium
d. phosphorus
d. phosphorus
Phosphate balance is achieved largely by this process.
a. renal excretion
b. fecal excretion
c. control of absorption by vitamin D
d. control of absorption by phytates
a. renal excretion
This is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells.
a. calcium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate
c. potassium
This condition occurs in starvation or diabetes in which there is an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia.
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic acidosis
The addition of this food to the diet will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter.
a. cabbage
b. broccoli
c. cassava
d. iodized salt
d. iodized salt
Malnourished individuals exhibiting refeeding syndrome may have low serum concentrations of this mineral.
a. calcium
b. sodium
c. phosphorus
d. chloride
c. phosphorus
*DAILY DOUBLE*
This hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood AND promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus.
a. calcitonin
b. calcitriol
c. parathyroid hormone
d. insulin
c. parathyroid hormone
*DAILY DOUBLE*
This hormone hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, thus generating angiotensin I.
a. renin
b. aldosterone
c. angiotensin-converting enzyme
d. vasopressin
a. renin
This enzyme facilitates the formation of carbonic acid.
a. renin
b. angiotensin
c. angiotensinogen
d. carbonic anhyradase
d. carbonic anhyradase
Hemochromatosis is associated with this mineral.
a. iron
b. copper
c. selenium
d. manganese
a. iron