Kachru's Circles
The norms of the English Language are produced here, it is 'norm-providing'. E.g. UK, USA, Aus, NZ
What is Kachru's inner circle?
A language is not longer used in contemporary society.
What is language death?
An approach that describes language behaviour in relation to standards or ideals about how language should be.
What is prescriptivism?
The standard or variety used by a group.
What is a 'norm'?
A language that develops from two speech communities meeting and needing to be able to communicate.
What is a pidgin?
English is not spoken natively but is still maintained as an important communication language, it is 'norm-developing'. E.g. India, Malaysia, Nigeria.
What is Kachru's outer circle?
A language that has less than 50 active speakers.
What is language endangerment?
The language we use determines how we think about the world.
What is determinism?
The high status of the norm.
What is the overt prestige?
The next stage in the linguistic development of a new language evolving from a pidgin.
What is a creole?
English is a foreign language or lingua franca here, it is 'norm-dependent'. E.g. China, Europe, Indonesia.
What is Kachru's expanding circle?
A language that is being revived.
What is language reclamation?
The language we use influences the way in which we view the world around us?
What is relativism?
The non-standard variety used by economically inferior groups.
What is a covert norm?
Singlish evolved as a result of British colonisation of Singapore. It evolved from a pigdin to become a language with its own linguistic complexity. This process is called...
What is creolisation?