Concepts
a sign on something that makes a finder have to return the lost object
אֵלּוּ מְצִיאוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ וְאֵלּוּ חַיָּיב לְהַכְרִיז
These are the findings that are his and these he has to announce
פירות מפוזורת
שלו
יאוש
Despair. When an owner has this, the lost item becomes הפקר and the owner can take it.
מָצָא פֵּירוֹת מְפוּזָּרִין. וְכַמָּה? אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: קַב בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת.
He found scattered produce. And how much? Rabbi Yitzchak said 1 kav in 4 amot.
מחרוזות של דגים
שלו
נפקא מינה
A case for which there is a practical difference depending on which of two ways you look at it
בָּעֵי רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה: חֲצִי קַב בִּשְׁתֵּי אַמּוֹת, מַהוּ? קַב בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת, טַעְמָא מַאי – מִשּׁוּם דִּנְפִישׁ טִרְחַיְיהוּ. חֲצִי קַב בִּשְׁתֵּי אַמּוֹת, כֵּיוָן דְּלָא נְפִישׁ טִרְחַיְיהוּ – לָא מַפְקַר לְהוּ. אוֹ דִּלְמָא: מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא חֲשִׁיבִי, וַחֲצִי קַב בִּשְׁתֵּי אַמּוֹת, כֵּיוָן דְּלָא חֲשִׁיבִי – מַפְקַר לְהוּ.
Rabbi Yirmiya asked, what is the rule for 1/2 in 2 kav? What is the reason for 1 kav in 4 amot? It is because it is a lot of effort. 1/2 a kav in 2 amot (by contrast) since it is not a lot of effort, he won't make it הפקר. Or perhaps (1 kav in 4 amot) is because it is not valuable, and 1/2 a kav in 2 amot since it is not valuable the owner will make it הפקר
עיגול ובתוכו חרס
חייב להכריז
אֵלּוּ מְצִיאוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ: מָצָא פֵּירוֹת מְפוּזָּרִין, מָעוֹת מְפוּזָּרוֹת, כְּרִיכוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, וְעִגּוּלֵי דְבֵילָה, כִּכָּרוֹת שֶׁל נַחְתּוֹם, מַחְרוֹזוֹת שֶׁל דָּגִים, וַחֲתִיכוֹת שֶׁל בָּשָׂר, וְגִיזֵּי צֶמֶר הַלְּקוּחִין מִמְּדִינָתָן, וַאֲנִיצֵי פִשְׁתָּן, וּלְשׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁל אַרְגָּמָן – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֶׁלּוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ שִׁינּוּי – חַיָּיב לְהַכְרִיז. כֵּיצַד? מָצָא עִגּוּל וּבְתוֹכוֹ חֶרֶס, כִּכָּר וּבְתוֹכוֹ מָעוֹת. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: כׇּל כְּלֵי אַנְפּוּרְיָא אֵין חַיָּיב לְהַכְרִיז.
The findings are his. If he found scattered produce, scattered coins, bundles of wheat in the public domain, circles of figs, loaves of a baker, strings of fish, cuts of meat, bundles of wool bought from their country, bundles of flax, tongues of purple wool - these are his. These are the words of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says, anything that has a difference one is obligated to announce. How is this? If he found a circle (of figs) with a piece of pottery inside, a loaf with coins inside. Rabbi Shimon the son of Elazar says all new vessels is not obligated to announce.
Name 7 items that are שלו
1) scattered produce
2) scattered coins
3) bundles of wheat in the public domain
4) circles of figs
5) loaves of a baker
6) strings of fish
7) cuts of meat
8) bundles of wool purchased from their country
9) bundles of flax
10) tongues of purple wool
a type of answer where the Gemara specifies the details of the case
אִי דֶּרֶךְ נְפִילָה – אֲפִילּוּ טוּבָא נָמֵי! וְאִי דֶּרֶךְ הִינּוּחַ – אֲפִילּוּ בְּצִיר מֵהָכִי נָמֵי לָא! אָמַר רַב עוּקְבָא בַּר חָמָא: בְּמַכְנַשְׁתָּא דְּבֵי דָרֵי עָסְקִינַן. קַב בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת דִּנְפִישׁ טִרְחַיְיהוּ – לָא טָרַח אִינִישׁ וְלָא הָדַר אָתֵי וְשָׁקֵיל לְהוּ, אַפְקוֹרֵי מַפְקַר לְהוּ. בְּצִיר מֵהָכִי – טָרַח וְהָדַר אָתֵי וְשָׁקֵיל לְהוּ, וְלָא מַפְקַר לְהוּ.
If it is a way of falling, even more (scattered) also (the rule should be שלו). And if it is a way of being placed, even less (scattered) should also not (be שלו). Rav Ukva the son of Chama said we are dealing with the case of the threshing floor. 1 Kav in 4 amot that is a lot of effort, he won't bother and won't go back and take it - he will surely make it ownerless. Less (scattered) than this he will bother and go back and take it and he won't make it ownerless.
Name 7 items that are חייב להכריז
1) a circle of figs with a piece of pottery
2) a loaf of bread with coins inside
3) produce in a utensil
4) a utensil on its own
5) coins in a pouch/wallet
6) a wallet on its own
7) pile of produce
8) pile of coins
9) stack of coins one on top of the other
10) bundles of wheat in a private domain
11) homemade loaves
12) bundles of wool bought from a craftsman's house
13) jugs of wine
14) jugs of oil