Nominal Clauses
This nominal clause functions as the subject in the sentence: "______ she said surprised everyone."
WHAT
Identify the relative clause in this sentence: "The professor who taught the advanced linguistics course retired last year."
who taught the advanced linguistics course
Identify the adverbial clause in this sentence:
"Because the teacher was ill, the class was cancelled."
Because the teacher was ill (shows reason)
This term refers to the type of play where children use their imagination to create scenarios, like pretending to be doctors or chefs.
Pretend play (or Dramatic play)
This discourse marker is used to introduce an example in a lesson, often followed by a comma.
For instance, (or For example,)
This pronoun in the sentence "The teacher gave instructions, but __ weren't clear" maintains cohesion.
they
Identify whether this is a summary, quotation, or paraphrase:
Original: "Play-based learning enhances cognitive development in preschoolers."
Student’s version: "According to research, play helps young children’s brains develop."
Paraphrase.
Complete the sentence with a nominal clause: "I can't understand ______."
why he did that / what she means / how it works (or similar)
Combine these sentences using a relative clause: "The library has rare books. It was built in 1920."
The library, which was built in 1920, has rare books. (or The library that was built in 1920 has rare books.)
Complete the sentence with an adverbial clause of time:
"Students must submit their assignments _____."
Possible Answers:
before the deadline passes
as soon as they finish them
What is the name for the early education approach developed by Maria Montessori, emphasising child-led learning and hands-on activities?
Montessori method
What discourse marker would a teacher use to transition between explaining a concept and summarising it?
In conclusion, / To sum up, / Overall,
Revise this for better coherence: "He opened the book. The lesson was confusing. The students yawned."
"When he opened the book, the students yawned because the lesson was confusing."
Correct the citation error in this sentence:
"Group work improves retention (Smith 2020)."
"Group work improves retention (Smith, 2020)." (comma after author)
Identify the nominal clause in this sentence: "They believe that the project will succeed."
that the project will succeed (functions as the direct object)
Rephrase using a non-defining relative clause: "Harvard University is one of the oldest in the U.S. It was founded in 1636."
Harvard University, which was founded in 1636, is one of the oldest in the U.S.
Combine these sentences using an adverbial clause of contrast:
"The lecture was long. The students stayed attentive."
Answer: Although the lecture was long, the students stayed attentive.
This term describes the emotional bond between a young child and their primary caregiver, which is crucial for healthy development.
Attachment
Complete this sentence with an appropriate contrast marker:
"Group work helps students collaborate; _____, individual work builds focus."
however, / on the other hand, / whereas
Identify the coherence problem: "First, take attendance. Experiments need safety goggles. Finally, review objectives."
Missing transition about science class context OR Illogical sequence
*Summarise this 20-word sentence in 10 words or fewer:*
"Effective teachers modify lessons based on ongoing student assessments to ensure comprehension."
Possible Answer: "Teachers adjust lessons using assessments for understanding."
Rephrase using a nominal clause: "Her success was unexpected." → "______ was unexpected."
Answer: That she succeeded
Correct the error in this sentence: "The student whose laptop was stolen they reported it to the dean."
The student whose laptop was stolen reported it to the dean. (Removed redundant "they")
Rewrite this sentence using an adverbial clause of purpose:
"She took extra courses to improve her qualifications."
Answer: She took extra courses so that she could improve her qualifications.
This term refers to the ability of young children to understand that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen (a key concept in Piaget's theory).
Object permanence
Identify the discourse marker error in this sentence and correct it:
"First, preheat the oven. Second, mix the ingredients. Thirdly, pour the batter."
"Thirdly" → "Third" (parallel structure with ordinal numbers)
The following teacher announcement lacks coherence. Identify TWO issues and rewrite it with appropriate cohesive devices:
"Field trip permission slips due Friday. Bring lunch. We’re visiting the science museum. No electronic devices allowed."
Issues:
No logical sequencing (important details mixed with rules)
Missing connectors (sounds like a bullet list, not flowing instructions)
Improved Version:
"First, remember that permission slips for our field trip are due this Friday. We’ll be visiting the science museum, so please bring a packed lunch. Also, note that no electronic devices will be allowed."
Convert this direct quotation into an indirect paraphrase (with citation):
Original quote: "Inclusive classrooms benefit all learners," Jones (2019) stated.
Jones (2019) argued that all students gain from inclusive educational environments.
Combine these sentences using a nominal clause: "He didn’t attend the meeting. This surprised his colleagues."
That he didn’t attend the meeting surprised his colleagues.
Make a sentence about education using a reduced relative clause (participle or infinitive).
The students selected for the scholarship will study abroad. (reduced from who were selected)
The first university to offer online degrees was Phoenix. (infinitive reduction)
Correct the error in this sentence:
"Unless they don’t study harder, they will fail the exam."
Unless they study harder, they will fail the exam.
(Double negative error: "unless they don’t" → "unless they")
This term refers to the process of helping children develop control over their emotions and behaviours, often through consistent routines and positive reinforcement.
Self-regulation (or Emotional regulation)
Rephrase this sentence using two different discourse markers to show cause and effect:
"The children were tired, so the teacher shortened storytime."
Possible Answers:
"Since the children were tired, the teacher shortened storytime."
"The teacher shortened storytime because the children were tired."
*Convert these disjointed sentences into a coherent paragraph using 3+ cohesive devices:*
"Some children struggle with reading. Teachers use phonics. Visual aids help too."
"Many children struggle with reading; therefore, teachers employ various strategies. For instance, they use phonics to build decoding skills. Additionally, visual aids are incorporated to enhance comprehension."
Identify and fix two academic integrity errors in this text:
Source: "Formative assessments guide instructional adjustments." (Brown, 2021, p.15)
Student’s version: Brown says formative assessments help teachers change their lessons.
Missing page number for direct idea → (Brown, 2021, p.15)
No quotation marks for near-verbatim phrasing → Either quote directly or paraphrase fully