Logical Fallacies I
Personal attack. Attacks person rather than idea/issue.
Ad Hominem
Based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid.
Ad Populum/Bandwagon
You are very, very, very, very pretty
Repetition
Explain Ralph and Jack's motivation on the island.
Ralph is the leader who wants to get home.
Jack is the leader of the choir and the "hunters" of the tribe.
Considered together, the three rhetorical appeals form what later rhetoricians have called:
The Rhetorical Triangle
The string of events leading to a negative end result is caused by the first event.
Slippery Slope/Domino Effect
A diversion tactic that leads people away from the key or real issues.
Red Herring
Carl is like a monster when he gets up from bed VS Carl is a monster when he gets up from bed.
Carl is like a monster is a simile since it uses "like" and compares Carl to a monster. Carl is a monster is a metaphor since it compares Carl to a monster without "like" or "as."
Why do the boys miss their chance at rescue?
A ship passes by, but the boys miss their chance to be rescued because Jack and his hunters let the signal fire go out while they were hunting.
Relies on feelings and emotions to persuade
Pathos
I once got bit by a pit bull, so all pit bulls must be aggressive.
Hasty Generalization/Stereotyping
Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second
Post Hoc
Water is wet. Water is good. Water is life.
Anaphora
What is the "beast from air" that Sam n' Eric find and what do they say it is?
They find the dead parachute and believe it to be the "Beastie."
Relies on logic, information, and stats to persuade
Logos
Alkaline water is healthy because it results in health benefits, and it has health benefits because it is healthy
Circular Reasoning
Lloyd: Can you allow time for more class discussion?
Prof. Schwartz: Oh, obviously you're saying that you and the entire class hasn't studied and now you want to talk to each other to get answers and cheat!
Strawman
He has an Achilles Heal, but I'm not sure what it is yet!
Allusion
What is it that Simon says about the beast?
He says that the beast is not a real beast, but instead is them!
Relies on a person's credibility, trustworthiness, reliability, and who they may know to persuade.
Ethos
Apples, strawberries, and raspberries are all red. They are also all fruit. Therefore, all fruits are red.
False Analogy
A driver who gets pulled over tells the officer that they drank only a few beers when in reality they had a few beers plus two mixed drinks.
Equivocation
Act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side for dramatic effect of compare/contrast.
Juxtaposition
Where do Jack and his hunters decide to search for the beast?
They go to Castle Rock, which is a rocky area by the sea., where they believe the beast is hiding.
Rhetoric is defines as elements of ____________________ and _____________________.
argument and persuasion.