Electrolytes

Na

100

What maintains the Na/K balance?

Adrenal mineralcorticoid axis

200

1. What is it called in Na levels are low in blood? 

2. What can cause it? 

1. Hyponatremia 

2. V/D, ↑ K, ↓ Aldosterone (Addison's)

300

1. What is high Na levels in blood called? 

2. What can cause this? 

1. Hypernatermia 

2. High salt intake, too much NaCl IVF

( ACTUAL CASE: I once saw a dog that we believed to have DM due to PD/PU. After running BW the dogs Na levels were SUPER high. After talking to O, she only fed her dog cat food, which is super high in Na)

400

CS of hyponatremia: 

* Lethargy / weakness

* Seizures / coma = severe cases

500

CS of hypernatermia: 

* PD / PU

* Seizures / comas

K+

100

1. What is it called if there is low K+ in blood?

2. What causes it? 

1. Hypokalemia 

2. V/D, Chronic Renal Disease, IVF

(THINK: Fluid loss. K follows water) 

200

1. What is it called if there is elevated K+ in blood?

2. What can cause it? 

1. Hyperkalemia 

2. FLUTD, ↓ Aldosterone (Addison's) 

300

CS of hypokalemia: 

VENTROFLEXION OF NECK

400

CS of hyperkalemia: 

Muscle fasiculations, pulse deficits, bradycardia, cardiac arryhthmia, flaccid paralysis, death

500

1. Major ECF:

2. Major ICF: 

1. Sodium (Na)

2. Potassium (K+) 

Ca2+

100

What is the major anion in ECF that transports electrolytes and water. It typically moves with Na? 

Chloride (Cl-) 

200

1. What is it called if there is low Ca²⁺ in blood? 

2. What causes it? 

1. Hypocalcemia 

2. Pregnancy, Ethylene glycol (Antifreeze) ingestion, Blister beetle, parathyroid gland dysfunction 

300

1. What is hypocalcemia called in cattle? When is it commonly seen, and what type of cow?

2. What is hypocalcemia called in dogs? When is it commonly seen? 

1. Milk Fever, seen within 3 days after calving in dairy cattle

2. Eclampsia, seen in first few week post whelping

400

CS of hypocalcemia: 

* Muscular temors 

* Seizures 

* Tachypnea 

* Bradycardia

( REMEMBER: In Farm Animal Health, cows with milk fever that are down DO NOT paddle)

500

1. What is it called if there is elevated Ca²⁺ in blood?

2. What causes it? 

1. Hypercalcemia

2. Parathyroid tumors, CANCER (PTHrP), Hypervitanmosis D, Addison's, Bone lysis

P and Mg

100

What are the hormones that maintain Ca and P levels? What do they do? 

* Calcitonin: ↓ both

* Parathyroid (PTH): ↑Ca, ↓ P

* Vitamin D: ↑ both

(TIP: calcitonin tones them down. PTH is "pushing P" (down). Vitamin D is "double up" (increasing both))

200

1. What is it called if there is low P is blood?

2. What causes it? 

1. Hypophosphotemia 

2. Rare, acid / base imbalance

300

1. What is it called when there is an increase in P in blood?

2. What causes it? 

1. Hyperphosphotemia 

2. ↓ excretion (kidney disease), disease that cause pre and post-renal azotemia

400

1. What is it called when there is low Mg in blood?

2. Causes? 

1. Hyopmagnesia 

2. Muscle cramps, spasms

(REMEMBER: Cattle with "Grass Tetany" usually thrash when they are down) 

500

1. What is it called if there is low Mg in blood?

2. Causes? 

1. Hypermagnesia 

2. Rare, usually iatrogenic 

Misc

100

1. What is it called when a cow has hypomagnesia?

2. What is typically linked to cattle with this disease? 

1. Grass Tetany 

2. Cool season grasses (Fescue), fertilizers (absorb Mg). LUSH PASTURES 

200

Describes Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes insipidus: 

Type 1 : Lack ADH

Type 2 : Lack ADH receptors 

300

What is the best way to treat Type 2 DM? 

Diet change:

* ↓ Sugar

* ↓ fat

* ↑ protein 

(You could start the cat on SGL2 inhibitors Bexagliflozin or Velaglifozin)

400

What are the greatest ECF? 

Na and Cl

500

What are the greatest ICF? 

K, Ca, P, Mg-