Electrolytes and Shock

Lab Values 1

100

What are the normal serum sodium values?

135 - 145 mEq/L

200

What are the normal serum potassium values?

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

300

What are the normal serum calcium values?

8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL

400

What are the normal serum magnesium levels?

1.3 - 2.3 mg/dL

500

What are the normal serum phosphorous levels?

2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL

Lab Values 2

100

What are the normal serum chloride levels?

97 - 107 mEq/L

200

What are the normal pH levels?

7.35 - 7.45

300

What are the normal bicarbonate levels?

22 - 26 mEq/L

400

What are the normal PaCO2 levels?

35 - 45 mm Hg

500

What are the normal PaO2 values?

80-100 mm Hg

Shock Classification

100

Which type of shock is the result of decreased intravascular volume due to fluid loss?

Hypovolemic Shock

200

Which type of shock is a circulatory state that results from severe allergic reaction producing overwhelming systemic vasodilation and relative hypovolemia?

Anaphylactic Shock

300

What type of shock is a circulatory shock that results from an overwhelming infection that causes hypovolemia?

Septic Shock

400

What type of shock is the result of myocardial impairment or failure

Cardiogenic Shock

500

What type of shock results from loss of sympathetic tone that leads to hypovolemia?

Neuropathic Shock

Shock Stages

100

What stage of shock is the patient in if the SNS is causing vasoconstriction, increased heart rate and increased heart contractility, while maintaining blood pressure and cardiac output?

Compensatory Stage of Shock

200

Which stage of shock is the patient in when they do not respond to any treatments, their blood pressure is extremely low, and they develop renal and liver failure?

Irreversible Stage of Shock

300

Which stage of shock is the patient in when their body shunts blood from their skin, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract leading to cool, clammy skins, hypoactive bowel sounds, and decreased urine output?

Compensatory Stage of Shock

400

Which stage of shock is the patient in when their lungs begin to fail and they have decreased pulmonary blood flow, which causes more severe hypoxemia, increased carbon dioxide levels, the alveoli collapse, with the occurrance of pulmonary edema?

Progressive Stage of Shock

500

Which stage of shock is the patient in when multiple organ dysfunction can progress to complete organ failure?

Irreversible Stage of Shock

MODS

100

When a patient is diagnosed with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), how many organs must have altered function severe enough to need interventions to support continued organ function?

Two or more organs

200

What is usually the first organ to fail when a patient begins to develop multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

The lungs, and cardiovascular instability as well as failure of the hepatic, GI, renal, immunologic, and central nervous systems.

300

What is the mortality rate for patients who develop multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

75%

400

At what cellular level are tissues hypoperfused in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

Both microcellular and macrocellular levels, eventually casuing organ dysfunction that requires mechanical and pharmacologic intervention to support organ function.

500

What are the treatments for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

1. Controlling the initiating even 2. Promoting adequate organ perfusion 3. Providing nutritional support