Calcium
Does this:
-Bone health; neuromuscular function; cardiac function
-insufficiency leads to osteoporosis
-blood clotting, receptor functions, muscular contraction
-ca=mg
-ca inv w/ phos.
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Does this:
-Extracellular fluid (ECF): neurological function; regulates fluid volume
-Kidney reabsorbs
-acid base balance
Does this:
-ECF; bound to other ions
-Essential for HCL production
Does this:
-ICF; bone; many cellular functions
-Alcoholism leads to low levels
Does this:
-Intracellular fluid (ICF): muscle contraction; cardiac conduction
-kidneys excrete
-metabolism, acid-base balance, electrical conduction
causes hypercalcemia
Increased intake or release: calcium antacids, calcium supplements, cancer, immobilization, corticosteroids, vitamin D deficiency, and hypophosphatemia
causes hypernatremia
Excessive sodium (dietary sodium, hypertonic IV saline, Cushing’s syndrome, corticosteroid use) Deficient water (insufficient intake, third spacing, excessive output, prolonged hyperventilation, diuretic use, diabetes insipidus)
causes of hyperkalemia
-Deficient excretion: renal failure, Addison’s disease, certain medications, and Gordon’s syndrome
-Excessive intake: oral potassium supplements, salt substitutes, and rapid intravenous administration of diluted potassium Increased release from cells: acidosis, blood transfusions, and burns or any
manifestations of hypercalcemia
what is GI symptoms (pain, N/V), bone pain, kidney stones, fatigue, malaise, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, confusion, depression, memory loss?
manifestations of hypernatremia
F- Fever, flushed skin
R- Restlessness, irritability
I- Increased fluid retention and blood
pressure
E- Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D- Decreased urine output, dry mouth
S- Skin flushed
A- Agitation
L- Low-grade fever
T- Thirst
what phosphorus does
Plays a role in bone and tooth mineralization, cellular metabolism, acid–base balance, and cell membrane formation
why electrolyte balance is important
Play a role in:
￭Crucial role in homeostasis
￭Muscle and neural activity
￭Acid–base and fluid balance
manifestations of hyperkalemia
M- muscle weakness
U- urine (oliguria/ anuria)
R- respiratory distress
D- decreased cardiac contractility
E- ECG changes
R- reflexes
causes hypocalcemia
Excessive losses: hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, alkalosis, pancreatitis, laxatives, diarrhea, and other medications
Deficient intake: decreased dietary intake, alcoholism, absorption disorders, and hypoalbuminemia
causes of hyponatremia
-Deficient sodium (diuretic use, gastrointestinal losses, diaphoresis, insufficient aldosterone, adrenal insufficiency, dietary sodium restrictions)
-Excessive water (hypotonic IV saline, hyperglycemia, water intake, renal failure, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, heart failure)
manifestations of metabolic acidosis
￭Include headache, malaise, weakness, fatigue,
lethargy, coma, warm and flushed skin, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia, hypotension, dysrhythmias,
shock, Kussmaul’s respirations, and hyperkalemia
manifestations of respiratory acidosis
Include headache, blurred vision, tremors, muscle twitching, vertigo, irritability, disorientation, lethargy, coma, tachycardia leading to bradycardia, blood pressure
causes of hypokalemia
-Excessive loss: vomiting, diarrhea, nasogastric suctioning, fistulas, laxatives, potassium-losing diuretics, Cushing’s syndrome, and corticosteroids
-Deficient intake: malnutrition, extreme dieting, and alcoholism
-Increased shift into the cell: alkalosis and insulin excess
manifestations of hypocalcemia
what is seizures, tetany (involuntary muscle contractions), paresthesias(burning, prickling sensation), anxiety, depression, ventricular tachycardia that could be fatal
Trousseau sign: occlusion of arterial blood flow elicits carpal spasm
Chvostek sign: tapping patient’s facial nerve prompts brief facial spasm
manifestations of hyponatremia
S- Seizures
A- Abdominal cramping
L- Lethargy
T- Tendon reflexes diminished
L- Loss of urine and appetite
O- Orthostatic Hypotension
S- Shallow respirations
S- Spasms of muscles
manifestations of metabolic alkalosis
Include mental confusion, hyperactive reflexes,
paresthesia, tetany, seizures, respiratory
depression, dysrhythmias, and coma
manifestations of respiratory alkalosis
Include paresthesia, dizziness, vertigo, syncope, muscle irritability and twitching, tetany, inability to concentrate, seizures, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, dry mouth, anxiety, excessive diaphoresis, and coma
manifestations of hypokalemia
S- Stomach issues (constipation, distension)
I- irritability
C- confusion
W- weakness
A- arrhythmias
L- light reflexes (hyporeflexia)
T- thready pulse