EM 1
Name the three types of rocks
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
what is strata?
layers in the sedimentary rock
how long does it take to form sedimentary rocks?
millions of years
What is considered mother of all rocks?
igneous rock
◦Define mining
-Process of extracting mineral ores
-Which can be used for a wide range of purpose
Name one two types of igneous rocks
granite, basalt
What is the oldest rock?
igneous
describe the characteristic of marble
white colour, sugary texture
can rocks turn into magma?
yes
◦Name two types of mining
-Surface mining
-Subsurface mining
name two examples of metaphorphic rocks
slate, marble
give two examples of sedimentary rocks
Limestone, shale, sandstone
◦When do you need to use surface mining instead of subsurface mining?
-When the minerals are near the surface
◦what is the name of layer above the mineral. That needs to be removed before mining?
overburdden
◦Why do you need to use subsurface mining instead of surface mining?
-The minerals are deep down in the ground
Explain why some igneous rocks have smaller crystals than other igneous rocks.
- cool more rapidly / cool at different rates / depends on rate of cooling
- slower rate of cooling causes large crystal size
what is the temperature to form metamorphic rocks?
300 - 1470 fahrenheit
what is the least common rocks?
metamorphic rock
what is the process when sediments settle under water?
sedimentation
◦Give two examples of hazards in underground mining
-Fire
-Flood
-Collapse
-Toxic contaminant
what is the process when the weight of sediment cause the bottom sediments to compress?
compaction
what happens when bubbles trapped in the rock during cooling?
form tiny holes in rocks
How does sedimentary rocks form?
compressed of sediments in the water
◦Name two methods of detecting mining site
-Radiation
-Measure magnetism
-Variation in magnetism
-Remote sensing
three factors to consider when to open new mining site
1.The ore grade
2.The amount of ore body present
3.Demand for the mineral
4.Geological difficulty (subsurface or surface)
5.Location of the site (accessibility, climate, vegetation)
6.Environmental impact assessment – avoid potential pollution
7.Permits requirement
8.Financial support from the government
what is cementation process?
salt crystals glue sediment layers together (sedimentary rocks)
This is what an animal who breaks down dead things is called
What is a decomposer?
Define the word Trickledown
-Miners received money – use money to buy products and subscribe to services
-Indirectly creates job (restaurants, grocery shops, sports centres)
How does metaphorphic rocks form?
put igneous rocks/ sedimentary rocks under high pressure and high temperature
◦Define what is multiplier effect?
-Process of extracting mineral ores
-Which can be used for a wide range of purpose
How can the economic benefits from the mining?
- Government receives taxes - use to improve the living standards
what are the uses of igneous rocks?
Construction, cosmetic (body scrub)
How can the people benefit from the mining? Explain.
-higher income - able to pay for services (school, hospital)
- increase living standard - Local councils use tax income to improve services/ facilities, New infrastructure built for the mine – allow the local people to also use
-Mine employee benefits - cheap/ free access to facilities, may be entitled for free/ subsidized housing, often get career development training
Negative impact of mining of the people living at the nearby area
- Rises in disposal income
- Resentment
- Conflict between the locals and the mine
- Locals difficult to maintain traditional way of lifestyle
- Locals have to cope with pollutions
- Poor health and safety standards for workers
- habitat and biodiversity loss
- soil erosion
- water pollution
- air pollution
- Visual and noise pollution