Pre-Industrial (pre-1780)
Name a characteristic of Real Tennis
• Played by the upper classes / civilised (1)
• Complex rules / strategy / skillful
• Specialised kit and equipment / facilities
• Played by men
• High moral code
Outline one positive benefit for factories developing football teams in the post-industrial society.
• Increased health and fitness of workers
• Better workers due to increased moral
• More disciplined workforce
The ‘Golden Triangle’ describes the relationship between which three bodies?
Sport, media and commercialisation
Which method of estimating energy expenditure involves measuring the production of CO2 and / or the consumption of O2?
Indirect calorimetry
Explain two characteristics of pre-industrial football.
Played occasionally/holy days because no other time available to play sport
No clear division of labour/little strategy as not yet rationalised
No pitch/common land between villages used because minimal equipment and facilities available
Locally based due to poor transport/communication
Explain two characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis.
• Played regularly because the players had more time to play
• Middle class development due to involvement in creation of clubs/NGB
• Highly structured/skills/tactics due to the rationalisation of tennis
• Equipment and facilities available to play for example played in suburban gardens/manufacturing of equipment for purchase
• Social game meant that both sexes could play together as it was considered a suitable activity for females.
Suggest 2 reasons why there was a delay in opportunities for the working class to be able to play games such as lawn tennis.
• Didn't have enough time / worked long hours
• Lack of disposable income / couldn't afford - equipment
• Initially amateur development / middle and upper classes
• Excluded from clubs
• Lack of public provision
• Did not have same middle class values / dress codes / etiquette
What does GPS stand for?
Global positioning system
Give three examples to explain how, during the 19th century, ex-public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world.
Impact of universities
Old boys network led to codification, rules and regulations, clubs
Establishment of governing bodies led to regular competitions and leagues
Industrialists, employers developed factory teams and facilities
Clergy developed church clubs, teams, YMCA, Boys Brigade
Officers used sport with Armed services, troops
(Ex-public school boys) travelled the British Empire and introduced new sports
Philanthropists / social reformers built facilities and encouraged social reform
Teachers taught sport
Politicians introduced Acts of Parliament for public provision of facilities
State three characteristics of amateurs during the industrial and post-industrial (1780–1900) period.
• High status / respected
• Played for the love of the game
• Controlled sport
• Top / best performers
• High moral values / sportsmanship / fair play
Give three examples of how the modern-day amateur differs from an amateur of the 19th century.
• (Status) − 19th century amateurs had high status whereas modern-day amateurs tend to have a low status compared to professionals
• (Level / Quality of play) − 19th century amateurs were the best players, whereas where professional sports exist in modern day sports, amateurs often unable to compete at the same level / usually not as good
• (Money / Pay) − 19th century amateurs had sufficient income and so were not paid however some modern day amateurs receive sponsorship or appearance money
• (Class) − 19th century amateurs were members of middle / upper classes / gentleman amateur whereas in modern day, amateurs can come from any socio-economic group
• (Mixing) − 19th century amateur avoided playing against working classes, whereas modern day there is no divide / working classes were excluded from amateur sports
• (Roles) − 19th century amateur were controllers of sport / selected teams/formed NGBs
Suggest 3 reasons why there has been a recent surge in interest in female football.
• Equal opportunities
• Increased media coverage
• More female role models
• School PE programmes
• Support / encouragement form FA
• More clubs / opportunities
• More funding to increased participation
• Increased free time
Compare the pre-industrial games of mob football and real tennis
Give 4 points
Mob football
• simple / unwritten / limited rules
• simple / natural facility / rural / in the countryside
• simple / natural equipment / pigs bladder for ball / just a ball
• occasional / irregular / annual / festival
• local
• lower class / peasants / populace / for everyone
• violent / dangerous / physical
• no specialist clothing
• wagering
• male dominated / men only
• spectators involved
Real tennis
• complex / written rules
• purpose built facility / court
• Sophisticated / expensive / specialist equipment / rackets / balls
• (more) regular / more frequent
• not (only) local
• upper class / royalty / courtly / gentry / aristocracy / exclusive / elitist
• non-violent / sophisticated / friendly / skilful / safe
• specialist clothing
• wagering
• male dominated / men only
• not a game for spectators
Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century.
Give 4 examples
A ‘Old boys’/Public school boys – left schools/universities and wanted to continue playing their sports
B Middle classes – wanted control / moral force in society tended to form clubs and NGB
C Participation/clubs developed – needed an overriding organisation to organise competitions/control – administration structure / development of leagues / Cup competitions/ international competitions
D Need for rules/codification of rules – to establish nationally recognised set of rules/growth of rational recreation / code of practise/previously variation in rules
E Amateur and professional/eligibility – development of ‘professional’ codes led to increased number of NGB’s, e.g. Rugby Union-Rugby League
F Exclusion – e.g. working classes often excluded on amateur grounds /women often excluded/banned
Give 4 examples to explain how very clear distinctions were maintained between social classes during the 19th and early 20th centuries in terms of their participation in sport and physical activity.
• Membership rules of clubs devised to exclude working class / exclusive
• Use of Amateur regulations for competitions in order to prevent ‘professionals’, from competing
• Lower classes performed supporting / specific roles with the sport
• Restricted access to facilities / club house / weekday matches
• Distinction made between ‘Gentlemen’ and ‘Players’ / professionals and amateur / high class gentlemen / working classes e.g. from Cricket, Golf, Rowing, Tennis / Rugby Union/League Boxing / Athletics
• Membership fees kept high to exclude working class / insufficient time / money / facilities
• Encouraged to spectate.
Give 4 advantages to a coach of using sports analytics.
• Detailed analysis of team performance
• Identify weaknesses in performance
• Identify individual skill / fitness weaknesses
• Measure performance improvements
• Statistics better than opinion / objective v subjective