Emotions
True or False
Emotional responses are caused by a stimulus and result in behavior.
True
Identify the theory's author.
"You respond emotionally to a stressor at the same time the physiological changes in your body happen."
Cannon-Bard (1927)
Theory of emotions
True or False
The interaction between cognition and emotion in behavior is bidirectional.
True
True or False
People create flashbulb memories around traumatic events, and these always need to be negative experiences.
False
Evaluate accuracy in flashbulb memories.
For better or worse, a lot of factors influence accuracy: Emotional intensity, Personal relevance, Rehearsal and retelling, Time, Social factors.
What is the primary physiological response associated with the emotion of fear?
The primary physiological response associated with the emotion of fear is the activation of the "fight or flight" response, characterized by increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and heightened arousal.
Identify the theory's author.
"Emotion is caused by physiological responses to a stressor."
James-Lange (1884)
Theory of emotions
In the study by Sharot et al. (2007) examining the impact of proximity to the World Trade Center during the 9/11 attacks on memory recall, what difference was observed in amygdala activation between participants from Downtown Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan?
Participants from Downtown Manhattan exhibited selective left amygdala activation during recall of 9/11 memories, whereas only 40% of participants from Midtown Manhattan showed similar amygdala activation.
What biological reason is there to explain why flashbulb memories are resistant to forgetting?
A - Trauma strengthens myelin.
B - Memory stimulation through the thalamus and hippocampus.
C - Rol of the Amygdala.
C - Rol of the Amygdala.
Explain why social factors might influence accuracy in flashbulb memories.
The sharing of flashbulb memories with others and the collective reconstruction of events within a social group can lead to the incorporation of misinformation or the adoption of a shared narrative, potentially affecting the accuracy of individual memories
What distinguishes primary emotions from secondary emotions, and how do they differ in their response to events?
Primary emotions are the initial emotional responses to events, while secondary emotions are subsequent and often more intense reactions. Primary emotions serve as immediate responses, while secondary emotions may involve more complex cognitive processes.
What theory argues the following?
After being exposed to a stressor, you appraise the threat, then you feel the emotion, then you have a body response.
A - Initial Cognitive Assessment Theory
B - Two Physiological Pathways Theory
C - Bifactorial Theory of Emotions
A - Initial Cognitive Assessment Theory (Lazarus,1982)
What were the key findings of Bohannon's (1988) study on flashbulb memories regarding the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, particularly concerning the relationship between emotional arousal, recall frequency, and memory vividness over time?
Higher self-reported emotional reactions to the Challenger disaster were significantly correlated with greater memory vividness after eight months. Additionally, recall frequency was also found to be significantly correlated with memory vividness over time.
True or False
A flashbulb memory's intensity is directly proportional to it's accuracy and rehearsal duration.
False
Evaluate the methodological approach used by Neisser (1989) in their study on flash memories of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Tip: Discuss strengths and weaknesses of using a longitudinal design and self-report data.
Neisser's study employed a longitudinal design, allowing for the examination of memory recall over time. This approach provided valuable insights into the formation and retention of flashbulb memories. However, the study relied on self-report measures, which are subject to memory biases and inaccuracies. Additionally, the study did not directly assess the role of stress/arousal in memory recall, raising questions about the validity of the findings.
What is the etymological origin of the word "emotion," and how does it relate to the concept of motivation?
The word "emotion" originates from the Latin word "movere," meaning "to move." It shares the same root as the word "motivation." While "motivation" signifies an internal drive, "emotion" implies being moved by an external stimulus.
Explain the Bifactorial Theory of Emotion (Schachter y Singer,1962)?
Emotions are the result of a two-part process: first a physiological response, then a cognitive interpretation.
What did Sharot's study involving the presentation of neutral and negatively arousing photographs in an fMRI scanner reveal about the role of the amygdala in memory processing?
The study demonstrated that the amygdala showed activation when subjects viewed emotionally arousing "old" photographs compared to "new" ones, indicating its involvement in remembering emotional stimuli.
What are two variables for an event to be recorded in Flashbulb Memory?
1. A lot of surprise
2. A high level of personal consequentiality (causing emotional arousal)
Evaluate the ethical considerations of Bohannon's (1988) study on flashbulb memories of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Discuss potential ethical issues and how they were addressed in the research.
Bohannon's study involved interviewing participants about a traumatic event, which could potentially cause distress or trigger negative emotions. Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent, ensuring participant confidentiality, and minimizing psychological harm. While the study likely received ethical approval, the potential for emotional distress among participants should have been carefully considered and mitigated through debriefing procedures and access to support resources.
How does the universality of emotions across different cultures influence theories of emotion?
The universality of emotions suggests that certain emotional experiences and expressions are common across diverse cultures. This universality supports theories of emotion that emphasize basic emotional responses shared by all humans.
Briefly explain the fast and slow physiological pathways proposed by LeDoux.
The fast path: it begins by perceiving the stimulus to the thalamus and then to the amygdala, producing an emotional response.
The slow path: starts from the stimulus to the thalamus, the primary sensory cortex, the association cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the response.
What role did repeated narrative recalls and social interactions play in the formation and retention of flash memories in Neisser et al.'s (1989) study on the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake?
Repeated narrative recalls about the event with others were associated with better memory recall. Participants who engaged in more discussions about the earthquake were more likely to have accurate memories, suggesting that these social interactions played a significant role in the formation and retention of flashbulb memories.
One of the mechanisms that explains how flashbulb memories work is the Model of Maintenance. Explian it.
Overt and Covert Review
It includes open and covert reviews. Correspondingly, conversations with other people in which the event is reconstructed, and replaying the event in one's memory.
Evaluate the methodological strengths and weaknesses of Sharot et al.'s (2007) study on flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Discuss how the research design may have influenced the validity of the findings.
The study utilized neuroimaging techniques to investigate brain activation patterns associated with flashbulb memories. This provided objective measures of memory recall, enhancing the validity of the findings. However, the study's reliance on self-report measures for assessing emotional arousal and memory vividness introduces potential biases and subjectivity.