Barrett et al.
For which two types of people were participants instructed to describe emotions for?
Self and others
What is one of the research questions/study goals?
Do men and women differ in their emotional responses (are women more emotional or emotionally expressive)?
What are the expressive, experiential, and physiological emotional responses of men and women?
What is the behavior intended to help or benefit others, often without external pressure or ulterior motives?
Altruism
Which emotion does the study suggest women are more likely to show?
Happiness
What example does Reiner provide about a toddler at the beginning of the text to highlight learned concepts of masculinity?
Toddler's first vaccines, dad telling him to say he’s a man and not cry
What score would a response such as, “I would be disappointed but relieved,” be given?
4
What was one of the researchers' hypotheses?
Women would display more facial expressions in response to emotional films than men
Women and men would not differ immensely in their reports of experienced emotion (this would not affect their facial expressions)
What is the opposite of altruism, often intended to cause harm?
Aggression
What two factors may drive gender stereotypes on emotional expression?
Dominance and affiliation
What are some negative consequences mentioned by Reiner that may arise from the suppression of emotions?
Increased rates of depression and anxiety, higher likelihood of suicide
What did the researchers control for when comparing performance on the LEAS?
Verbal intelligence
Describe the content of one of the video clips used to get emotional reactions out of the participants.
What do women tend to provide more of in friendships, showing more cooperation, intimacy, and emotional expressiveness than men?
Social support
What emotion is perceived as more intense when shown on women, when controlling for the factors driving gender stereotypes?
Anger
Reiner emphasizes that allowing men to feel all of their emotions would be beneficial to all. What type of environment does he suggest would help men learn to be more emotionally honest and open?
Safe spaces to get together, specifically for men
What two qualities of conveying emotion does a higher score on the LEAS indicate?
Differentiation and complexity
Of the sexes, who is more of an externalizer of emotion? Who is more of an internalizer?
Externalizers: women
Internalizers: men
What societal expectation makes men more likely than women to be expected to help with solving practical problems, such as fixing things?
Male gender role in practical helpfulness
What does the “shifting standards” model propose?
Judgments are influenced by relative comparisons
Which gender has a higher rate of college attendance directly after high school?
Women
Besides indicating higher emotional awareness, what could women’s superior performance on the LEAS also indicate?
Better ability to predict how they or others may feel in a given situation than men
In the self-report results, how did men and women differ in their experiences of emotion while watching the clips?
Men and women did not differ in their self-reported experiences of emotion
What theory suggests that men and women may specialize in different forms of altruistic behavior because they define “the right thing to do” differently, based on societal expectations?
Influence of moral rules and gender roles on altruistic behavior
What are the implications of facial appearance cues, rather than gender, driving perceptions of emotional expression?
Gender stereotypes about emotional expressions may be difficult to change, as they are rooted in facial appearance rather than just social roles
At what age do boys stop being more emotive than girls?
4-5