Emotion
According to psychologist, this word means a psychological reaction to a specific stimulus.
A. mood B. emotion C. sensation D. memory
B. emotion
An example of mood congruence is when someone who is feeling sad recalls ___ memories more readily than ___ memories.
a. sad; happy b. happy; sad c. neutral; positive d. negative; positive
a. sad; happy
According to Matlin (2004), the Pollyanna principle holds true for a wide variety of phenomena in these 3 cognitive processes.
A. Perception, language, and decision making. B. Encoding, storage, and retrieval. C. Attention, memory, and learning. D. None of the above
A. Perception, language, and decision making.
Correct recognition of the ___ was higher than correct recognition of the ___ in for each positive, negative, and neutral stimuli. A: stimulus, higher, background
stimulus; background
The positivity effect describes the phenomenon in which people tend to rate ___ past events more ___ with the passage of time.
unpleasant; positively
People generally recall ___ stimuli more accurately than ___ stimuli. People recall more information if they see the material during a ___ media presentation, rather than a ___ media presentation.
pleasant; unpleasant. pleasant; violent.
The observation that material is recalled more accurately if it is congruent with a person’s current mood is a phenomenon known as _____.
Mood congruence
William Balch found that participants recalled significantly more ___ words than ___ words.
pleasant; unpleasant
Describe the methods were used in the study.
Participants were shown photos of stimuli previously judged as very positive, very negative, or neutral, each presented with a neutral background. Each participant completed a surprise recognition test about 10 minutes later. During the test, participants judged whether they had seen each item before, along with its background.
The 2003 study by Walker and colleagues involved two groups of students: one without depressive tendencies and one with depressive tendencies. The group without depressive tendencies exhibited the expected ___, with unpleasant memories fading more than pleasant ones over time. However, the group with depressive tendencies showed ___ in the fading of unpleasant and pleasant memories.
a. recency effect; significant difference
b. primacy effect; no significant difference
c. positivity effect; no significant difference
d. negativity effect; significant difference
c. positivity effect; no significant difference
Explain the difference between mood and emotion. Give an example.
Emotions are brief and specific, while a mood lasts longer and is more general. For example, an unpleasant smell may evoke a brief negative emotional reaction without necessarily affecting the overall positive mood of one’s day.
A mood is a(n) ___, ___ experience, in contrast to a(n) ___, which is a relatively brief reaction to a specific stimulus.
general, long-lasting; emotion
Explain the Pollyanna principle.
It states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items.
Describe the trade-off demonstrated by higher scores when recognizing the stimulus than when recognizing the background.
When the central stimulus is boring, people explore (and remember) the background more accurately than in other conditions. When the stimuli are negative, people do not remember the background very accurately.
Provide an example of the positivity effect
Imagine someone recalling a difficult breakup from several years ago. Initially, the memory may have been intensely unpleasant, but over time, they remember the positive aspects of the relationship more vividly, such as the good times spent together or the personal growth they experienced afterward. This shift towards viewing the past relationship in a more positive light is one example of the positivity effect.
Describe the relationship between emotion and accuracy.
The relationship between emotion and accuracy in memory suggests that pleasant stimuli are typically remembered more accurately than unpleasant or neutral ones. Additionally, emotions such as anger and violence tend to reduce memory accuracy, while over time, unpleasant memories tend to fade more than pleasant memories.
How do emotion and mood affect memory?
Emotion and mood can influence memory by affecting the encoding and retrieval processes. Information that is congruent with one's current emotional state is often remembered more accurately, a phenomenon known as mood congruence.
Describe at least one of the three ways in which the emotional nature of the stimuli can influence long-term memory.
1. More accurate recall for pleasant items. 2. More accurate recall for neutral stimuli associated with pleasant stimuli. 3. Over time, unpleasant memories face more than pleasant memories.
Describe the results of the study.
Participants recognized positive and negative stimuli equally well (70% and 71% respectively), but had lower recall for neutral stimuli (56%). Interestingly, they were more accurate in recognizing the background setting for neutral stimuli (48%) compared to positive (44%) and negative (37%) stimuli, suggesting a trade-off where individuals remember the background better when the central stimulus is neutral.
In the 1997 research, Walker and his colleagues asked undergraduate students to record daily personal events over a period of about 14 weeks, rating the pleasantness and intensity of each event. Three months later, participants revisited these events, rating their current pleasantness. What were the findings of the 1997 research conducted by W. Richard Walker and his coauthors?
The analysis revealed that originally pleasant events were rated slightly less pleasant over time, while originally unpleasant events were rated much less unpleasant, approaching neutrality. This aligns with the Pollyanna Principle, indicating that people tend to view past unpleasant events more positively with time, known as the positivity effect.