Natural History
Without any intervention, this lung function parameter will continue to decline.
What is FEV1?
Individuals with emphysema have a 3-fold increased risk of developing this serious lung complication.
What is lung cancer?
Individuals should avoid doing this to prevent emphysema or to keep their symptoms from worsening.
What is smoking?
These mental health disorders are prevalent among individuals with severe emphysema/COPD.
What are depression and anxiety?
Individuals with emphysema are at risk for this spontaneous and potentially life-threatening lung condition
What is a pneumothorax?
Besides smoking, individuals should try their best to long-term exposure to these airborne irritants.
What are chemical fumes, vapors, and dusts (especially in the workplace)?
Emphysema may be asymptomatic until this percentage of lung tissue is destroyed?
What is 50%?
Individuals with emphysema are at risk of developing this condition that may progress to cor pulmonale.
What is pulmonary hypertension?
To prevent serious infections that may worsen their condition, patients with emphysema should stay up to date with these 3 vaccinations.
What are flu, COVID-19, and pneumococcal vaccines?
People with emphysema typically start experiencing symptoms after this age.
What is 40?
This complication of emphysema may require surgical removal.
What is giant bullae?
The BODE index used to predict the prognosis, severity, and mortality risk for patients with COPD includes these four components.
What are BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity?
Risk factors for depression among individuals with emphysema/COPD include these four factors.
What are limited mobility, need for supplemental oxygen therapy, comorbid conditions, and female gender?
Emphysema may increase the risk of a lung complication most commonly caused by a bacteria with this shape and arrangement.
What is lancet-shaped diplococci?
This condition characterized by a BMI below a critical threshold is associated with a higher mortality rate for people with emphysema.
What is cachexia?